Bibliographic record
Abstract
This chapter examines the massive social and political impact of the First World War on Canada and Canadians. In 1914, Canada had a population of almost eight million and was a self-governing Dominion, a colony of Britain without formal international status. But the country’s enormous wartime military contributions, successes, and its astounding industrial and agricultural production energized national pride and quickened a sense of national aspiration. Yet, the war also created deep fissures between English- and French-speaking Canadians, with the latter, making up almost 30 percent of the population, not interested in prosecuting a war on behalf of the British Empire. The imposition of conscription for overseas service in 1917 was bitterly and bloodily contested. Nothing less than Canadian national unity was at stake in this war. The war greatly accelerated the emergence of a regulatory state; introduced tens of thousands of women to wage work; increased labour militancy; expanded the industrial base; and caused massive bereavement (61,000 military dead) and often social dislocation for afflicted families.
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How this classification was reachedexpand
Full frame machine prediction
Teacher imitationNot calibrated prevalence, not ground truth. Human validation pending. The Gemma side is a direct model label for every work in the frame, read from the title-only record. The Codex side is a classifier learned from the 10,348 direct Codex labels and calibrated to design-weighted sample rates; fields without enough sample support carry no Codex call. Candidate is the union of the two sides; consensus is their intersection. These outputs are machine_predicted_unvalidated and are not human labels.
Distilled classifier scores by category (both heads)
| Category | Codex | Gemma |
|---|---|---|
| Metaresearch | 0.001 | 0.001 |
| Meta-epidemiology (narrow) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (broad) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Bibliometrics | 0.001 | 0.000 |
| Science and technology studies | 0.012 | 0.009 |
| Scholarly communication | 0.007 | 0.004 |
| Open science | 0.001 | 0.004 |
| Research integrity | 0.002 | 0.003 |
| Insufficient payload (model declined to judge) | 0.025 | 0.006 |
Machine scores (provisional)
The two teacher heads of the student model, read on this work. A score orders the frame for review; it never asserts a category, and the validation status ships verbatim with every row.
Baseline scores from an immature model (maturity gate not passed, 7 training rounds). Scores rank; they never assert a category.
score_only:v0-immature-baseline · verbatim from the scoring run: score_only means the number may rank works, and no category label ships from itClassification
machine, unvalidatedMachine predicted; a candidate call from one source (direct Gemma or distilled Codex), not a consensus.
How this classification was reached, model by model and score by score, is at the end of the page under "How this classification was reached".