Cumulative Changes in Minimum Snow/Ice Extent over Canada and Northern USA for 2000–2023
Bibliographic record
Abstract
The Minimum Snow/Ice (MSI) extent is an important climate and environmental indicator related to surface hydrology and freshwater resources. Variations in the MSI extent over the four first-order regions (1-4) included in the Randolph Glacier Inventory (RGI) for Canada and the Northern USA were analyzed in this study using an improved land-water mask to better discriminate landfast ice in the high Arctic coastal zone. The analysis utilized warm season snow/ice probability maps derived from MODIS clear-sky composite imagery at a 250-m spatial resolution. Results showed statistically significant declining trends in the minimum snow/ice extent with the average value of the slope for the entire area (-1,177.7 ± 362.8) km2/yr. The variations in MSI extent are well correlated with surface air temperature. The correlation coefficients are statistically significant, ranging from −0.79 to −0.82. The detailed analysis revealed a reduction of the area with snow/ice probability 100% over the RGI glaciated zones, while areas with lower probability values were increasing in size, which may be interpreted as an indication of general glacier shrinkage over the study area.
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How this classification was reachedexpand
Full frame machine prediction
Teacher imitationNot calibrated prevalence, not ground truth. Human validation pending. The Gemma side is a direct model label for every work in the frame, read from the title-only record. The Codex side is a classifier learned from the 10,348 direct Codex labels and calibrated to design-weighted sample rates; fields without enough sample support carry no Codex call. Candidate is the union of the two sides; consensus is their intersection. These outputs are machine_predicted_unvalidated and are not human labels.
Distilled classifier scores by category (both heads)
| Category | Codex | Gemma |
|---|---|---|
| Metaresearch | 0.000 | 0.001 |
| Meta-epidemiology (narrow) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (broad) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Bibliometrics | 0.001 | 0.002 |
| Science and technology studies | 0.001 | 0.000 |
| Scholarly communication | 0.001 | 0.000 |
| Open science | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Research integrity | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Insufficient payload (model declined to judge) | 0.001 | 0.000 |
Machine scores (provisional)
The two teacher heads of the student model, read on this work. A score orders the frame for review; it never asserts a category, and the validation status ships verbatim with every row.
Baseline scores from an immature model (maturity gate not passed, 7 training rounds). Scores rank; they never assert a category.
score_only:v0-immature-baseline · verbatim from the scoring run: score_only means the number may rank works, and no category label ships from itClassification
machine, unvalidatedMachine predicted; a candidate call from one source (direct Gemma or distilled Codex), not a consensus.
How this classification was reached, model by model and score by score, is at the end of the page under "How this classification was reached".