Endoscopic Stereoscopic PIV Measurements Within An Enclosed And Tight Area Of A Hydraulic Turbine
Bibliographic record
Abstract
The increasingly common utilization of hydraulic turbines in off design operating conditions in recent years have affected their lifetime due to damaging fluid-structure interactions. To decrease the downtime associated to more frequent maintenance of these turbines, a thorough understanding of the damaging flow phenomena is required. This may eventually lead to the development of mitigation strategies. However, measuring velocity at the entrance of the rotor of Francis turbines is difficult because of the confined spaces and limited optical access. This paper presents a stereoscopic PIV methodology enabling measurements at the inlet of a reduced-scale Francis turbine, along with multiple novelties developed to make accurate measurements possible. It elaborates on the solutions devised to address the challenges of performing optical measurements in highly confined spaces. The measured velocity fields cover the vaneless space and a large section of the interblade channels. In the phase-averaged velocity fields, three circulation zones are detected at the speed-no load operating point, representing the combined effect of numerous vortices and flow structures observed in the instantaneous velocity fields. The flow is characterized by a significant backflow within the runner, extending to the leading edge of the runner blades and overflowing into the vaneless space.
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How this classification was reachedexpand
Full frame distilled prediction
Teacher imitationNot calibrated prevalence, not ground truth. Human validation pending. Learned from the 10,348 direct Codex labels and 10,348 direct Gemma labels. Candidate is the union of thresholded teacher heads; consensus is their intersection. These outputs are machine_predicted_unvalidated and are not human labels or direct frontier model labels.
Codex and Gemma teacher scores by category
| Category | Codex | Gemma |
|---|---|---|
| Metaresearch | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (narrow) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (broad) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Bibliometrics | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Science and technology studies | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Scholarly communication | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Open science | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Research integrity | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Insufficient payload (model declined to judge) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
Machine scores (provisional)
The two teacher heads of the student model, read on this work. A score orders the frame for review; it never asserts a category, and the validation status ships verbatim with every row.
Baseline scores from an immature model (maturity gate not passed, 7 training rounds). Scores rank; they never assert a category.
score_only:v0-immature-baseline · verbatim from the scoring run: score_only means the number may rank works, and no category label ships from itClassification
machine, unvalidatedMachine predicted; a candidate call from one teacher head, not a consensus.
How this classification was reached, model by model and score by score, is at the end of the page under "How this classification was reached".