Comparative toxicity of emulsifiable concentrate and suspension concentrate formulations of 2′,5-dichloro-4′-nitrosalicylanilide ethanolamine salt
Bibliographic record
Abstract
First posted July 11, 2024 For additional information, contact: Director, Upper Midwest Environmental Sciences CenterU.S. Geological Survey2630 Fanta Reed RoadLa Crosse, WI 54603Contact Pubs Warehouse The 2-aminoethanol salt of niclosamide (2′,5-dichloro-4′-nitrosalicylanilide) is a pesticide known as Bayluscide that is used in conjunction with TFM (4-nitro-3-[trifluoromethyl]phenol), also known as 3-trifluoromethyl-4-nitrophenol) to treat tributaries to the Great Lakes infested with invasive parasitic Petromyzon marinus (sea lamprey). Adding 0.5 to 2 percent Bayluscide with TFM can substantially reduce the amount of TFM required to achieve effective control. Currently, an emulsifiable concentrate (EC) formulation of Bayluscide is used in combination with TFM during some stream treatments completed by the Great Lakes Fishery Commission's binational sea lamprey control program. The Bayluscide EC formulation is highly effective; however, it degrades application tubing, adheres to application equipment, and raises concerns for worker safety because of the solvent in the formulation, N-methyl-2-pyrrolidone.We collaborated with a pesticide formulation company to develop a Bayluscide 20-percent suspension concentrate (SC) formulation as a potential replacement for the Bayluscide 20-percent EC formulation. The 20-percent SC formulation was specifically developed using inert ingredients approved for use by the U.S. Environmental Protection Agency and the Health Canada Pest Management Regulatory Agency. Although approved for use, the inclusion of a small quantity of an antimicrobial in the formulation warranted evaluating the toxicological profile to sea lamprey and select nontarget fish species. We evaluated and compared the toxicity of the 20-percent SC formulation to the 20-percent EC formulation using continuous-flow diluter systems and larval sea lamprey and select cold-, cool-, and warm-water fish as test animals. Our results demonstrate comparable toxicological profiles between the two formulations with the 20-percent SC formulation being slightly less toxic to the nontarget species evaluated.
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How this classification was reachedexpand
Full frame distilled prediction
Teacher imitationNot calibrated prevalence, not ground truth. Human validation pending. Learned from the 10,348 direct Codex labels and 10,348 direct Gemma labels. Candidate is the union of thresholded teacher heads; consensus is their intersection. These outputs are machine_predicted_unvalidated and are not human labels or direct frontier model labels.
Codex and Gemma teacher scores by category
| Category | Codex | Gemma |
|---|---|---|
| Metaresearch | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (narrow) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (broad) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Bibliometrics | 0.000 | 0.001 |
| Science and technology studies | 0.000 | 0.001 |
| Scholarly communication | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Open science | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Research integrity | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Insufficient payload (model declined to judge) | 0.001 | 0.000 |
Machine scores (provisional)
The two teacher heads of the student model, read on this work. A score orders the frame for review; it never asserts a category, and the validation status ships verbatim with every row.
Baseline scores from an immature model (maturity gate not passed, 7 training rounds). Scores rank; they never assert a category.
score_only:v0-immature-baseline · verbatim from the scoring run: score_only means the number may rank works, and no category label ships from itClassification
machine, unvalidatedMachine predicted; a candidate call from one teacher head, not a consensus.
How this classification was reached, model by model and score by score, is at the end of the page under "How this classification was reached".