Credible Positioning of BDS RTK/INS Integration Based on Multi-Information Cross-Validation
Bibliographic record
Abstract
The requirement for credible and reliable positioning of a multi-sensor integration system is an essential foundation for comprehensive PNT (Positioning, Navigation, and Timing) services. However, the credibility of positioning results based on multi-sensor integration is difficult to evaluate and even there is no effective mode at present. To try to solve such a problem, a credible positioning model based on the tight integration of BDS Real Time Kinematic (RTK) and Inertial Navigation System (INS) is presented in this paper. In such a model, a multi-information cross-validation algorithm is introduced to ensure the credibility of RTK/INS tight integration. Meanwhile, a backward quality checking model is generated based on the result of the calculated credible positioning error level, which can optimize the positioning results of RTK/INS integration furtherly. After the mathematical model descriptions, a simulated test and a real experiment are adopted to evaluate this presented method. Results illustrated that: 1) envelope level of the credible factor for the real error can reach the centimeter level and the average probability of unenveloped error is within 2%; 2) after applying the quality control scheme based on credible positioning feedback information, the positioning results of RTK/INS integration are improved by 67.6%, 78.9%, and 77.3% on average.
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How this classification was reachedexpand
Full frame machine prediction
Teacher imitationNot calibrated prevalence, not ground truth. Human validation pending. The Gemma side is a direct model label for every work in the frame, read from the title-only record. The Codex side is a classifier learned from the 10,348 direct Codex labels and calibrated to design-weighted sample rates; fields without enough sample support carry no Codex call. Candidate is the union of the two sides; consensus is their intersection. These outputs are machine_predicted_unvalidated and are not human labels.
Distilled classifier scores by category (both heads)
| Category | Codex | Gemma |
|---|---|---|
| Metaresearch | 0.006 | 0.012 |
| Meta-epidemiology (narrow) | 0.001 | 0.001 |
| Meta-epidemiology (broad) | 0.001 | 0.002 |
| Bibliometrics | 0.002 | 0.001 |
| Science and technology studies | 0.001 | 0.001 |
| Scholarly communication | 0.002 | 0.002 |
| Open science | 0.002 | 0.002 |
| Research integrity | 0.001 | 0.001 |
| Insufficient payload (model declined to judge) | 0.001 | 0.000 |
Machine scores (provisional)
The two teacher heads of the student model, read on this work. A score orders the frame for review; it never asserts a category, and the validation status ships verbatim with every row.
Baseline scores from an immature model (maturity gate not passed, 7 training rounds). Scores rank; they never assert a category.
score_only:v0-immature-baseline · verbatim from the scoring run: score_only means the number may rank works, and no category label ships from itClassification
machine, unvalidatedMachine predicted; a candidate call from one source (direct Gemma or distilled Codex), not a consensus.
How this classification was reached, model by model and score by score, is at the end of the page under "How this classification was reached".