Coupled Simulation of Fracture Propagation and Lagrangian Proppant Transport
Bibliographic record
Abstract
Summary The distribution of proppant within hydraulic fractures significantly influences fracture conductivity, thus playing an essential role in oil and gas production. Currently, small-scale and static fracture problems have been successfully simulated with high accuracy using Lagrangian proppant transport models. Field-scale problems are often simulated with the mixture model, the accuracy of which still requires improvement. In this work, a novel model that couples fracture propagation and proppant transport using an Eulerian-Lagrangian framework is proposed. The displacement discontinuity method (DDM), the extended Poiseuille’s equation, and the multiphase particle-in-cell (MP-PIC) method are used for fracture deformation and propagation, fluid flow, and proppant transport simulations, respectively. The fluid flow is fully coupled with the fracture equations and then coupled with the Lagrangian proppant model using a two-way coupling strategy. The proposed model is carefully validated against published numerical and experimental results. Then, we use the model to investigate the fracturing process in a layered reservoir. The impacts of fluid leakoff and proppant injection order are discussed. Special phenomena such as proppant bridging and tip screenout are captured. This study provides a novel and reliable way for simulating proppant transport in practical problems, which is of great importance to fracturing designs.
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How this classification was reachedexpand
Full frame distilled prediction
Teacher imitationNot calibrated prevalence, not ground truth. Human validation pending. Learned from the 10,348 direct Codex labels and 10,348 direct Gemma labels. Candidate is the union of thresholded teacher heads; consensus is their intersection. These outputs are machine_predicted_unvalidated and are not human labels or direct frontier model labels.
Codex and Gemma teacher scores by category
| Category | Codex | Gemma |
|---|---|---|
| Metaresearch | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (narrow) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (broad) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Bibliometrics | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Science and technology studies | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Scholarly communication | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Open science | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Research integrity | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Insufficient payload (model declined to judge) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
Machine scores (provisional)
The two teacher heads of the student model, read on this work. A score orders the frame for review; it never asserts a category, and the validation status ships verbatim with every row.
Baseline scores from an immature model (maturity gate not passed, 7 training rounds). Scores rank; they never assert a category.
score_only:v0-immature-baseline · verbatim from the scoring run: score_only means the number may rank works, and no category label ships from itClassification
machine, unvalidatedMachine predicted; a candidate call from one teacher head, not a consensus.
How this classification was reached, model by model and score by score, is at the end of the page under "How this classification was reached".