Correction to: Africa-EU Relations and the African Continental Free Trade Area
Bibliographic record
Abstract
Since its inception, the African UnionAfrican Union, European Union (AU) has been determined to promote trade in goods and services as an impetus for the economic, social, and political integration of its member states. The establishment of the African Continental Free Trade AreaAfrican Union, Continental Free Trade Area (AfCFTA) epitomizes Africa’s endeavour to integrate its fragmented continent, small markets and economies, and feeble infrastructures in line with its Agenda 2063The agenda 2063, challenges of AfCFTA in order to improve the livelihoods of its citizens. Thus, AfCFTA aimed at boosting intra-AfricanAfrica, intra-African trade tradeAfrican Continental Free Trade Area, intra-African trade through the creation of a single market with free movement of goods, services, capital, and natural persons. However, these cannot be achieved without the full involvement of ordinary citizens in AfCFTAAfrican Union, Continental Free Trade Area negotiationsAfrican Continental Free Trade Area, negotiations and implementation with equal rights as stakeholders. Building on the notions of regional integrationRegional integration, inter-regionalism and the new regionalism approach, this chapter interrogates the contributory role of the European Union to promote the participation of ordinary African citizens in the establishment of the AfCFTA. It does so by investigating the extent to which the EU collaborates with civil societyAfrica-EU relations, civil society in Africa to ensure the engagement of ordinary citizens in the attainment of the AfCFTAAfrican Union, Continental Free Trade Area objectives. A desktop review reveals that few attempts were made by the EU to enable African civil societyAfrica-EU relations, civil society to participate in the few negotiations pertaining to the establishment of the AfCFTA. Apart from its financial support to African civil society organizations, the EU also negotiates with the RECsAfCFTA, RECs in Africa in formal and informal settings to include ordinary citizens in their decision-making processes, including the AfCFTAAfrican Union, Continental Free Trade Area. EU–African relations should be strengthened through the inclusionInclusion, civil society of ordinary citizens from both continents.
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How this classification was reachedexpand
Full frame machine prediction
Teacher imitationNot calibrated prevalence, not ground truth. Human validation pending. The Gemma side is a direct model label for every work in the frame, read from the title-only record. The Codex side is a classifier learned from the 10,348 direct Codex labels and calibrated to design-weighted sample rates; fields without enough sample support carry no Codex call. Candidate is the union of the two sides; consensus is their intersection. These outputs are machine_predicted_unvalidated and are not human labels.
Distilled classifier scores by category (both heads)
| Category | Codex | Gemma |
|---|---|---|
| Metaresearch | 0.004 | 0.062 |
| Meta-epidemiology (narrow) | 0.002 | 0.001 |
| Meta-epidemiology (broad) | 0.002 | 0.002 |
| Bibliometrics | 0.003 | 0.003 |
| Science and technology studies | 0.006 | 0.006 |
| Scholarly communication | 0.007 | 0.006 |
| Open science | 0.004 | 0.004 |
| Research integrity | 0.013 | 0.022 |
| Insufficient payload (model declined to judge) | 0.071 | 0.051 |
Machine scores (provisional)
The two teacher heads of the student model, read on this work. A score orders the frame for review; it never asserts a category, and the validation status ships verbatim with every row.
Baseline scores from an immature model (maturity gate not passed, 7 training rounds). Scores rank; they never assert a category.
score_only:v0-immature-baseline · verbatim from the scoring run: score_only means the number may rank works, and no category label ships from itClassification
machine, unvalidatedMachine predicted; a candidate call from one source (direct Gemma or distilled Codex), not a consensus.
How this classification was reached, model by model and score by score, is at the end of the page under "How this classification was reached".