Bibliographic record
Abstract
About 500,000 Latvians left the territory of Latvia as refugees or were evacuated during World War I. The dire situation of refugees deteriorated further after the Russian Revolution of 1917, when assistance to refugees was almost completely cut off. The difficult situation among refugees led to a natural desire to return to their homeland, which became possible after an agreement facilitating the return of refugees was signed on 12 June 1920 . Governmental initiatives were insufficient to care for the thousands of returning refugees and several non-governmental organizations joined in the effort . The aim of the chapter is to analyze the most prominent non-governmental initiative to provide assistance to the returning refugees in Latvia, namely the Society for Reevacuation of the Refugees, with a more in-depth focus on the assistance provided by the Latvian diaspora through this organization and the relative importance of diaspora involvement. After the proclamation of the Republic of Latvia in 1918, a marked increase in activity was discernible among diaspora Latvians (mostly in the USA, but also Canada, South America, and elsewhere) to interact with their homeland and to help it. One of the forms this interaction took was the gathering and sending financial and material aid to relieve the sufferings of Latvian refugees and war victims in Latvia.
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How this classification was reachedexpand
Full frame machine prediction
Teacher imitationNot calibrated prevalence, not ground truth. Human validation pending. The Gemma side is a direct model label for every work in the frame, read from the title-only record. The Codex side is a classifier learned from the 10,348 direct Codex labels and calibrated to design-weighted sample rates; fields without enough sample support carry no Codex call. Candidate is the union of the two sides; consensus is their intersection. These outputs are machine_predicted_unvalidated and are not human labels.
Distilled classifier scores by category (both heads)
| Category | Codex | Gemma |
|---|---|---|
| Metaresearch | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (narrow) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (broad) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Bibliometrics | 0.001 | 0.002 |
| Science and technology studies | 0.006 | 0.002 |
| Scholarly communication | 0.002 | 0.001 |
| Open science | 0.000 | 0.002 |
| Research integrity | 0.001 | 0.001 |
| Insufficient payload (model declined to judge) | 0.008 | 0.002 |
Machine scores (provisional)
The two teacher heads of the student model, read on this work. A score orders the frame for review; it never asserts a category, and the validation status ships verbatim with every row.
Baseline scores from an immature model (maturity gate not passed, 7 training rounds). Scores rank; they never assert a category.
score_only:v0-immature-baseline · verbatim from the scoring run: score_only means the number may rank works, and no category label ships from itClassification
machine, unvalidatedMachine predicted; a candidate call from one source (direct Gemma or distilled Codex), not a consensus.
How this classification was reached, model by model and score by score, is at the end of the page under "How this classification was reached".