Kinetics of Space-Confined Inverse Temperature Crystallization: Gradients Enlarge Thin Perovskite Single Crystals
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Bibliographic record
Abstract
Space-confined inverse temperature crystallization (SC-ITC) is a prevalent technique for fabricating single-crystal perovskite solar cells, but its kinetics remain to be understood to increase the size of perovskite thin crystals, which are currently small and challenging to manage. Here we equipped SC-ITC with a camera to monitor its kinetics and found that the limitations on crystal size stem primarily from restricted solute diffusion and competing nucleation. To address these issues, we employed gradients in solution thickness to enhance solute transport and in temperature to mitigate competing nucleation. This led to a 4-fold increased size of the crystals up to 19 mm 2, growth velocity up to 34 μm min –1, and solute flux up to 1.65 × 10 –5 g mm –2 min –1 . We explored the application of these crystals in X-ray-voltaics, achieving 1% power conversion efficiency under 40 keV X-ray radiation, showcasing their potential for energy harvesting in space and nuclear waste facilities.
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Full frame distilled prediction
Teacher imitationNot calibrated prevalence, not ground truth. Human validation pending. Learned from the 10,348 direct Codex labels and 10,348 direct Gemma labels. Candidate is the union of thresholded teacher heads; consensus is their intersection. These outputs are machine_predicted_unvalidated and are not human labels or direct frontier model labels.
Codex and Gemma teacher scores by category
| Category | Codex | Gemma |
|---|---|---|
| Metaresearch | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (narrow) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (broad) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Bibliometrics | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Science and technology studies | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Scholarly communication | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Open science | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Research integrity | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Insufficient payload (model declined to judge) | 0.001 | 0.000 |
Machine scores (provisional)
The two teacher heads of the student model, read on this work. A score orders the frame for review; it never asserts a category, and the validation status ships verbatim with every row.
Baseline scores from an immature model (maturity gate not passed, 7 training rounds). Scores rank; they never assert a category.
score_only:v0-immature-baseline · verbatim from the scoring run: score_only means the number may rank works, and no category label ships from it