CFD Simulation and ANN Prediction of Hydrogen Leakage and Diffusion Behavior in a Hydrogen Refuelling Station
Why this work is in the frame
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Bibliographic record
Abstract
Hydrogen refueling station (HRS) is an essential part of the infrastructure for promoting the hydrogen economy. Since hydrogen is a flammable and explosive gas, hydrogen released from high‐pressure hydrogen storage equipment in HRS will likely cause combustion or explosion accidents. Studying high‐pressure hydrogen leakage in HRS is a prerequisite for promoting hydrogen fuel cell vehicles and HRS. A computational fluid dynamics (CFD) model of an HRS in a demonstrated project in Ningbo, China, was established on the ANSYS FLUENT software platform. The CFD model for hydrogen leakage simulation was validated by comparing the simulation results with experimental data in the literature. The effects of the direction and mass flow rate of the hydrogen leakage jet, as well as the direction and speed of ambient wind, on hydrogen diffusion behavior were investigated. The spreading distances of the flammable hydrogen cloud were predicted using an artificial neural network for horizontal leakage. The results show that the jet direction strongly affected the flammable cloud flow. The greater the mass flow rate of the leak, the greater the hydrogen dispersion distance and the volume of the flammable hydrogen cloud. At a hydrogen leakage mass flow rate of 4.5589 kg/s, the volume of the hydrogen flammable cloud reached 6,140.46 m 3 at 30 s of leakage. The ambient wind speed has complicated effects on spreading the flammable cloud. The wind makes the flammable cloud move in certain directions, and the higher wind speed accelerates the diffusion of the flammable gas in the air. The results of the study can be used as a reference for the study of high‐pressure hydrogen leakage in HRS and will play an important role in the safe demonstration of the studied project.
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Full frame distilled prediction
Teacher imitationNot calibrated prevalence, not ground truth. Human validation pending. Learned from the 10,348 direct Codex labels and 10,348 direct Gemma labels. Candidate is the union of thresholded teacher heads; consensus is their intersection. These outputs are machine_predicted_unvalidated and are not human labels or direct frontier model labels.
Codex and Gemma teacher scores by category
| Category | Codex | Gemma |
|---|---|---|
| Metaresearch | 0.001 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (narrow) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (broad) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Bibliometrics | 0.001 | 0.000 |
| Science and technology studies | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Scholarly communication | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Open science | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Research integrity | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Insufficient payload (model declined to judge) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
Machine scores (provisional)
The two teacher heads of the student model, read on this work. A score orders the frame for review; it never asserts a category, and the validation status ships verbatim with every row.
Baseline scores from an immature model (maturity gate not passed, 7 training rounds). Scores rank; they never assert a category.
score_only:v0-immature-baseline · verbatim from the scoring run: score_only means the number may rank works, and no category label ships from it