Highly Directional 28-GHz Antenna System Generating Five Simultaneous Far-Field Aligned OAM Modes
Bibliographic record
Abstract
This manuscript proposes the design of a 28 GHz antenna system that is capable of generating at the same time five orbital angular momentum (OAM) modes with aligned far-field antenna patterns. The antenna system includes a radial line slot antenna (RLSA), based on radial waveguide technology, which is fed by two Butler networks: one is 8×8 and the other is 16×16. The Butler matrix networks are able to generate various progressive phase states for the RLSA to enable simultaneous generation of five concentric OAM beams with right hand circular polarization (RHCP). The proposed design could be utilized for increasing spectral efficiency by multiplexing a separate data stream onto each transmitted OAM beam and performing partial-aperture OAM reception in line-of-sight (LOS) communications in 6G. The experimental results performed on the antenna prototype reveal the effective performance of the proposed antenna system.
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How this classification was reachedexpand
Full frame machine prediction
Teacher imitationNot calibrated prevalence, not ground truth. Human validation pending. The Gemma side is a direct model label for every work in the frame, read from the title-only record. The Codex side is a classifier learned from the 10,348 direct Codex labels and calibrated to design-weighted sample rates; fields without enough sample support carry no Codex call. Candidate is the union of the two sides; consensus is their intersection. These outputs are machine_predicted_unvalidated and are not human labels.
Distilled classifier scores by category (both heads)
| Category | Codex | Gemma |
|---|---|---|
| Metaresearch | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (narrow) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (broad) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Bibliometrics | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Science and technology studies | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Scholarly communication | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Open science | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Research integrity | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Insufficient payload (model declined to judge) | 0.002 | 0.001 |
Machine scores (provisional)
The two teacher heads of the student model, read on this work. A score orders the frame for review; it never asserts a category, and the validation status ships verbatim with every row.
Baseline scores from an immature model (maturity gate not passed, 7 training rounds). Scores rank; they never assert a category.
score_only:v0-immature-baseline · verbatim from the scoring run: score_only means the number may rank works, and no category label ships from itClassification
machine, unvalidatedMachine predicted; a candidate call from one source (direct Gemma or distilled Codex), not a consensus.
How this classification was reached, model by model and score by score, is at the end of the page under "How this classification was reached".