Primary Open-Angle Glaucoma Is Associated with Short-Term Memory Decline and Dementia in Individuals of African Ancestry
Bibliographic record
Abstract
Background: Over the last decade, studies have suggested that primary open-angle glaucoma (POAG) may be associated with cognitive impairment and dementia, as both pathologies are age-related neurodegenerative processes. It remains unclear to what extent neurodegeneration in POAG extends to other neurological functions beyond vision, such as cognition. This follow-up study examined the potential association between POAG and cognitive decline in an African ancestry population. Methods: The Telephone-Montreal Cognitive Assessment (T-MoCA) was administered to POAG cases and controls previously enrolled in the Primary Open-Angle African American Glaucoma Genetics (POAAGG) study. Cases were assessed for retinal nerve fiber layer (RNFL) thickness and for the presence of dementia via chart review. Comparisons between POAG cases and controls were performed using two-sample t-tests for the T-MoCA total score and five subsection scores, and using chi-squared tests for incidence of dementia. Current scores were compared to scores from this same cohort from 7 years prior. Results: The T-MoCA was administered to 13 cases and 20 controls. The mean ± standard deviation (SD) T-MoCA total score was 15.5 ± 4.0 in cases and 16.7 ± 3.5 in controls (p = 0.36). However, there was a borderline significant difference in the delayed recall sub-score (2.3 ± 1.6 for cases vs. 3.4 ± 1.5 for controls, p = 0.052) and a significant difference in its sub-domain, the memory index score (MIS, 9.1 ± 4.3 for cases vs. 12.1 ± 3.0 for controls, p = 0.02). There were no significant differences between cases and controls for the remaining subsections. During 7 years of follow-up, a higher incidence of dementia was noted in POAG cases (7.1% for cases vs. 0% for controls, p = 0.058). Over 7 years, there was no significant deterioration in the cognitive performance of cases versus controls, and no association was seen between RNFL thinning and cognitive impairment. Conclusions: In this small-sample follow-up study of African ancestry individuals, POAG cases demonstrated worse short-term memory and higher incidence of dementia compared to controls. Future larger studies are needed to further investigate the presence and impact of neurodegeneration in POAG.
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How this classification was reachedexpand
Full frame machine prediction
Teacher imitationNot calibrated prevalence, not ground truth. Human validation pending. The Gemma side is a direct model label for every work in the frame, read from the title-only record. The Codex side is a classifier learned from the 10,348 direct Codex labels and calibrated to design-weighted sample rates; fields without enough sample support carry no Codex call. Candidate is the union of the two sides; consensus is their intersection. These outputs are machine_predicted_unvalidated and are not human labels.
Distilled classifier scores by category (both heads)
| Category | Codex | Gemma |
|---|---|---|
| Metaresearch | 0.001 | 0.003 |
| Meta-epidemiology (narrow) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (broad) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Bibliometrics | 0.001 | 0.001 |
| Science and technology studies | 0.001 | 0.000 |
| Scholarly communication | 0.001 | 0.000 |
| Open science | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Research integrity | 0.001 | 0.000 |
| Insufficient payload (model declined to judge) | 0.002 | 0.000 |
Machine scores (provisional)
The two teacher heads of the student model, read on this work. A score orders the frame for review; it never asserts a category, and the validation status ships verbatim with every row.
Baseline scores from an immature model (maturity gate not passed, 7 training rounds). Scores rank; they never assert a category.
score_only:v0-immature-baseline · verbatim from the scoring run: score_only means the number may rank works, and no category label ships from itClassification
machine, unvalidatedMachine predicted; a candidate call from one source (direct Gemma or distilled Codex), not a consensus.
How this classification was reached, model by model and score by score, is at the end of the page under "How this classification was reached".