<i>Proteus mirabilis</i> and <i>Klebsiella variicola</i> associated with onion bacterial streak and bulb rot
Bibliographic record
Abstract
The bulb onion (Allium cepa) is second only to tomatoes in value of vegetable crops cultivated worldwide. Water-soaked lesions, bleaching and blight on leaves and slippery skin, sour skin, soft rot near the neck and centre rot on onion bulbs were observed in surveys of the onion fields, storage as well as fruit and vegetable markets of northwestern provinces of Iran in 2020. Thirty-four samples were collected from onion fields of East Azerbaijan, West Azerbaijan and Zanjan provinces and the central storage of Bonab city. Fifty bacterial strains were isolated from symptomatic samples. Pathogenicity of the strains was confirmed by inoculating on onion bulb cultivars Azarshahr and Ghermez Anari. Twenty-eight strains were able to induce soft rot on the inoculated sites of cut onion bulbs. Onion bulbs turned dark brown at lesion sites and became odorous over time. All pathogenic strains were Gram-negative, facultative aerobic and catalase positive. Strains mainly varied in starch and aesculin hydrolysis, potato rot and hypersensitive reaction. Pathogenic strains separated into four groups based on phenotypic assays. In the phylogenetic tree based on concatenated sequences of gyrB and infB genes, the strains were divided into four clusters containing the type strains of Enterobacter ludwigii, Klebsiella variicola, Proteus mirabilis and Pantoea agglomerans, confirming their identity as belonging to these four species. This is the first report of P. mirabilis as a plant pathogen and of K. variicola as a causal agent of onion bulb rot. Moreover, this is the first report of E. ludwigii and P. agglomerans associated with onion bulb rot in Iran.
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How this classification was reachedexpand
Full frame machine prediction
Teacher imitationNot calibrated prevalence, not ground truth. Human validation pending. The Gemma side is a direct model label for every work in the frame, read from the title-only record. The Codex side is a classifier learned from the 10,348 direct Codex labels and calibrated to design-weighted sample rates; fields without enough sample support carry no Codex call. Candidate is the union of the two sides; consensus is their intersection. These outputs are machine_predicted_unvalidated and are not human labels.
Distilled classifier scores by category (both heads)
| Category | Codex | Gemma |
|---|---|---|
| Metaresearch | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (narrow) | 0.001 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (broad) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Bibliometrics | 0.001 | 0.001 |
| Science and technology studies | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Scholarly communication | 0.001 | 0.000 |
| Open science | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Research integrity | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Insufficient payload (model declined to judge) | 0.001 | 0.000 |
Machine scores (provisional)
The two teacher heads of the student model, read on this work. A score orders the frame for review; it never asserts a category, and the validation status ships verbatim with every row.
Baseline scores from an immature model (maturity gate not passed, 7 training rounds). Scores rank; they never assert a category.
score_only:v0-immature-baseline · verbatim from the scoring run: score_only means the number may rank works, and no category label ships from itClassification
machine, unvalidatedMachine predicted; a candidate call from one source (direct Gemma or distilled Codex), not a consensus.
How this classification was reached, model by model and score by score, is at the end of the page under "How this classification was reached".