Stability study of coal pillars due to induced stress-driven spalling during development and mechanised depillaring at different depths of cover
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Bibliographic record
Abstract
Induced stress-driven spalling in coal pillars depends on several factors including depth of cover, in situ stresses, and presence of weak planes. A solid coal pillar generally experiences spalling at a higher depth. Fender and snook/rib experiences considerable spalling during depillaring even at lower depth below strong and massive rock mass. The spalling in pillars leads to instability at working places including goaf encroachment during depillaring. This paper discusses the measurement of induced stress-driven spalling during development of a seam having weak roof–pillar interface at 850–900 m at CSM mine in Czech Republic. Spalling is also examined in different form of coal pillars during mechanized depillaring at 250 m depth at Godavarikhani 11 Incline mine in India. Finite difference based numerical modelling was carried out to assess the behaviour of the pillars. Ultimate non-elastic region was observed up to 9 m near the roof−pillar interface due to presence of weak plane and around 8 m at middle height of the pillar at the higher depth. At the moderate depth of around 250 m, maximum vertical induced stress was observed over a fender. Spalling of 2 and 1.5 m was observed in the fender and pillar, respectively.
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Full frame distilled prediction
Teacher imitationNot calibrated prevalence, not ground truth. Human validation pending. Learned from the 10,348 direct Codex labels and 10,348 direct Gemma labels. Candidate is the union of thresholded teacher heads; consensus is their intersection. These outputs are machine_predicted_unvalidated and are not human labels or direct frontier model labels.
Codex and Gemma teacher scores by category
| Category | Codex | Gemma |
|---|---|---|
| Metaresearch | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (narrow) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (broad) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Bibliometrics | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Science and technology studies | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Scholarly communication | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Open science | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Research integrity | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Insufficient payload (model declined to judge) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
Machine scores (provisional)
The two teacher heads of the student model, read on this work. A score orders the frame for review; it never asserts a category, and the validation status ships verbatim with every row.
Baseline scores from an immature model (maturity gate not passed, 7 training rounds). Scores rank; they never assert a category.
score_only:v0-immature-baseline · verbatim from the scoring run: score_only means the number may rank works, and no category label ships from it