Bibliographic record
Abstract
The advancement of artificial intelligence (AI) gave rise to chatbots, which is a type of AI-powered software that communicates via natural language. Chatbots have been used in diverse contexts, delivering significant convenience to the consumers. Nonetheless, this technology encounters ambivalent attitudes from consumers. Some aspects of the chatbot technology are evoking distrustful attitudes among consumers, while the others are cultivating a sense of trust. Thus, the objective of the current paper is to outline and analyze key factors that affect consumer trust and elucidate strategies that firms can adopt to optimize trust. According to recent studies, consumer distrust primarily stems from algorithmic bias, privacy and security concerns, and the lack of algorithmic transparency; on the other hand, consumer trust is formed due to anthropomorphic attributes of chatbots, particularly warmth and competence. To reduce consumer distrust, companies are advised to first identify and minimize existing real risks in their products, then deliver transparency to the public to establish a trustworthy image. To increase trust, companies are suggested to improve upon the anthropomorphic attributes of chatbots. Contributions and limitations of the paper are also discussed to highlight areas that require further investigation in the field of chatbots as well as AI in general.
Fetched live from OpenAlex and de-inverted. Abstracts are not stored in this database: the inverted indexes are 8.6 GB of the frame’s 9.3 GB of text, and the host has 13 GB free.
How this classification was reachedexpand
Full frame machine prediction
Teacher imitationNot calibrated prevalence, not ground truth. Human validation pending. The Gemma side is a direct model label for every work in the frame, read from the title-only record. The Codex side is a classifier learned from the 10,348 direct Codex labels and calibrated to design-weighted sample rates; fields without enough sample support carry no Codex call. Candidate is the union of the two sides; consensus is their intersection. These outputs are machine_predicted_unvalidated and are not human labels.
Distilled classifier scores by category (both heads)
| Category | Codex | Gemma |
|---|---|---|
| Metaresearch | 0.007 | 0.032 |
| Meta-epidemiology (narrow) | 0.001 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (broad) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Bibliometrics | 0.001 | 0.001 |
| Science and technology studies | 0.002 | 0.002 |
| Scholarly communication | 0.004 | 0.004 |
| Open science | 0.001 | 0.002 |
| Research integrity | 0.001 | 0.001 |
| Insufficient payload (model declined to judge) | 0.005 | 0.000 |
Machine scores (provisional)
The two teacher heads of the student model, read on this work. A score orders the frame for review; it never asserts a category, and the validation status ships verbatim with every row.
Baseline scores from an immature model (maturity gate not passed, 7 training rounds). Scores rank; they never assert a category.
score_only:v0-immature-baseline · verbatim from the scoring run: score_only means the number may rank works, and no category label ships from itClassification
machine, unvalidatedMachine predicted; a candidate call from one source (direct Gemma or distilled Codex), not a consensus.
How this classification was reached, model by model and score by score, is at the end of the page under "How this classification was reached".