Quantification of Radiation Exposure in Canadian Orthopaedic Surgery Residents
Why this work is in the frame
A frame that forgets how it found something cannot be audited. These are the routes that admitted this work.
Bibliographic record
Abstract
Introduction: Natural radiation exposure in the general population averages 3 milliSieverts (mSv) annually; however, radiation exposure in orthopaedic residents is not well defined. Despite protective measures, evidence of radiation-related diseases in orthopaedic surgeons is increasing. The purpose of this study was to quantify radiation exposure in orthopaedic residents and to determine the variability of exposure among post graduate year (PGY) of residency. Methods: Monthly radiation exposure was measured prospectively over a 12-month period in orthopaedic surgery residents from a single program. Participants wore dosimeters above ("exposed") and beneath ("shielded") protective lead. The primary outcome measure was the absolute value of radiation exposure in mSv. Repeated measures analysis was used to assess exposure with age, sex, year of training, operating room (OR) days, and height. Results: Mean annual occupational radiation exposure was 3.30 ± 0.64 mSv over an average of 107 ± 38 OR days. Mean exposure per OR day was 0.033 ± 0.008 mSv. PGY-2 and PGY-3 residents had the highest cumulative exposure, and PGY-5 residents had the highest mean exposure per OR day (0.044 ± 0.009 mSv/d). Number of OR days per month and PGY level were significant predictors of radiation exposure (p < 0.05). Sex, age, and height were not significant in predicting radiation of the exposed dosimeter. Conclusions: Orthopaedic residents' exposure to radiation is nearly twice the general population's exposure. Given that yearly radiation exposure was highest during early residency years, but exposure based on number of OR days was highest in the final year of training, it is essential for resident education regarding radiation safety and safe clinical practices throughout their training.
Fetched live from OpenAlex and de-inverted. Abstracts are not stored in this database: the inverted indexes are 8.6 GB of the frame’s 9.3 GB of text, and the host has 13 GB free.
Full frame distilled prediction
Teacher imitationNot calibrated prevalence, not ground truth. Human validation pending. Learned from the 10,348 direct Codex labels and 10,348 direct Gemma labels. Candidate is the union of thresholded teacher heads; consensus is their intersection. These outputs are machine_predicted_unvalidated and are not human labels or direct frontier model labels.
Codex and Gemma teacher scores by category
| Category | Codex | Gemma |
|---|---|---|
| Metaresearch | 0.001 | 0.001 |
| Meta-epidemiology (narrow) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (broad) | 0.001 | 0.000 |
| Bibliometrics | 0.002 | 0.002 |
| Science and technology studies | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Scholarly communication | 0.001 | 0.001 |
| Open science | 0.001 | 0.000 |
| Research integrity | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Insufficient payload (model declined to judge) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
Machine scores (provisional)
The two teacher heads of the student model, read on this work. A score orders the frame for review; it never asserts a category, and the validation status ships verbatim with every row.
Baseline scores from an immature model (maturity gate not passed, 7 training rounds). Scores rank; they never assert a category.
score_only:v0-immature-baseline · verbatim from the scoring run: score_only means the number may rank works, and no category label ships from it