Morphological and chemical evolution of monocrystalline porous germanium over time in various storage environments
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Bibliographic record
Abstract
Mesoporous germanium (MP-Ge) emerges as a very appealing material for many applications such as anode material for Lithium-Ion batteries due to it high specific area and large void spaces or, in optoelectronics as sacrificial layer for III-V materials growth and detachment, allowing notably several uses of a single Ge substrate . These porous nanostructures are distinguished by a large specific surface area and are prone to degradation with time due to exposure to the environment. To understand and be able to reduce this effect, we studied the chemical and morphological evolution of porous germanium layers under various ambient storage conditions for 3 months to identify the main parameters responsible for material degradation. This study demonstrates that the ambient air environment leads to the growth of native oxide, leading to major morphology changes. Scanning electrons microscope (SEM) showed the formation of clusters and the enlargement of the pores after 90 days. These structural modifications are caused by the oxidation of Ge, and more specifically by the creation of GeO 2 matrices due to the synergy of dioxygen (O 2 ) and humidity (H 2 O (g) ). The energy brought by light can exacerbate these phenomena and thus accelerate the degradation rate of the pore morphology. Based on these experimental results, we propose efficient solutions to limit the GeO 2 proportions and the clusters' appearance, by storing them under a dry neutral atmosphere (Ar) or by adding a hydrogen halide pre-treatment (10s 1% HBr solution). • Determination of the order of appearance of oxides and suboxides over time, depending on ambient conditions. • Demonstration of the responsibility of the Ge 4+ in the increase ofporosity and the formation of clusters in the Ge porous . • Hypothesis: Synergy between O 2 and H 2 O condensation in the pores is responsible for the local massive formation of Ge 4+ . • Br-ions seems responsible for the initial functionalization of pore surfaces, preventing the significant formation of Ge 4+ . • Encapsulating samples in Ar or N, or a HBr pre-treatment can limit or delay the formation of GeO 2 and oxide clusters.
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Full frame distilled prediction
Teacher imitationNot calibrated prevalence, not ground truth. Human validation pending. Learned from the 10,348 direct Codex labels and 10,348 direct Gemma labels. Candidate is the union of thresholded teacher heads; consensus is their intersection. These outputs are machine_predicted_unvalidated and are not human labels or direct frontier model labels.
Codex and Gemma teacher scores by category
| Category | Codex | Gemma |
|---|---|---|
| Metaresearch | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (narrow) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (broad) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Bibliometrics | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Science and technology studies | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Scholarly communication | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Open science | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Research integrity | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Insufficient payload (model declined to judge) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
Machine scores (provisional)
The two teacher heads of the student model, read on this work. A score orders the frame for review; it never asserts a category, and the validation status ships verbatim with every row.
Baseline scores from an immature model (maturity gate not passed, 7 training rounds). Scores rank; they never assert a category.
score_only:v0-immature-baseline · verbatim from the scoring run: score_only means the number may rank works, and no category label ships from it