Assessment of lifestyle and health-related behaviors and correlates during the COVID-19 pandemic among Lebanese adults
Bibliographic record
Abstract
Abstract Introduction The novel coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) has quickly become a worldwide threat to human health and has significantly impacted people’s lives and changed their lifestyles and health behaviors. This study aims to assess lifestyle and health-related behaviors (LHBs) and associated factors among the general population in Lebanon during the COVID-19 pandemic. Methods An online cross-sectional study was conducted among 403 Lebanese adults. The study questionnaire was developed on Google Forms in English and Arabic. It included self-reported questions about sociodemographic characteristics, COVID-19, and perceived behavioral changes (smoking, alcohol consumption, sexual and hygiene behaviors, and intake of nutritional supplements and immunity-boosting foods). It also comprised three scales, i.e., the Lifestyle and Health Behaviors questionnaire (LHB-17), the WHO-5 Well-being Index, and the Fear of COVID-19 scale (FCV-19S). Results The mean age of participants was 29.74 ± 10.81 years, with 51.2% females. Most participants reported that COVID-19 negatively affected their LHBs, mainly diet, sleep, and psychological well-being, while physical activity aspects remained unaffected. Female gender (Unstandardized Beta (ß) = − 2.336), living in Lebanon (ß = − 7.502), nargileh smoking (ß = − 3.433), high BMI (ß = − 0.263), and increased daily usage of electronic devices during the COVID-19 lockdown (ß = − 0.853) were significantly associated with lower LHB-17 scores, indicating worsened LHB. However, living in urban areas (ß = 2.464), employment status (ß = 1.920), good overall health (ß = 3.543), a higher quality of life (ß = 0.204), and unaffected physical (ß = 2.101) and mental (ß = 1.586) health during the COVID-19 lockdown were all significantly associated with higher LHB-17 scores, reflecting positive LHB. Conclusion Lebanese adults reported several unfavorable lifestyle changes and psychological problems during the lockdown due to COVID-19, particularly affecting women, non-workers, waterpipe smokers, electronic device heavy users, people of lower socioeconomic status, and those with chronic diseases. Health promotion strategies are needed to assess negative changes both in physical and mental health and maintain as many positive health-related behaviors as possible among the Lebanese population.
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How this classification was reachedexpand
Full frame distilled prediction
Teacher imitationNot calibrated prevalence, not ground truth. Human validation pending. Learned from the 10,348 direct Codex labels and 10,348 direct Gemma labels. Candidate is the union of thresholded teacher heads; consensus is their intersection. These outputs are machine_predicted_unvalidated and are not human labels or direct frontier model labels.
Codex and Gemma teacher scores by category
| Category | Codex | Gemma |
|---|---|---|
| Metaresearch | 0.003 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (narrow) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (broad) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Bibliometrics | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Science and technology studies | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Scholarly communication | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Open science | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Research integrity | 0.000 | 0.001 |
| Insufficient payload (model declined to judge) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
Machine scores (provisional)
The two teacher heads of the student model, read on this work. A score orders the frame for review; it never asserts a category, and the validation status ships verbatim with every row.
Baseline scores from an immature model (maturity gate not passed, 7 training rounds). Scores rank; they never assert a category.
score_only:v0-immature-baseline · verbatim from the scoring run: score_only means the number may rank works, and no category label ships from itClassification
machine, unvalidatedMachine predicted; a candidate call from one teacher head, not a consensus.
How this classification was reached, model by model and score by score, is at the end of the page under "How this classification was reached".