Role of magnetic ions in the thermal Hall effect of the paramagnetic insulator <mml:math xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML"><mml:msub><mml:mi>TmVO</mml:mi><mml:mn>4</mml:mn></mml:msub></mml:math>
Bibliographic record
Abstract
In a growing number of materials, phonons have been found to generate a thermal Hall effect, but the underlying mechanism remains unclear. Inspired by previous studies that revealed the importance of ${\mathrm{Tb}}^{3+}$ ions in generating the thermal Hall effect in a family of pyrochlores, we investigated the role of ${\mathrm{Tm}}^{3+}$ ions in ${\mathrm{TmVO}}_{4}$, a paramagnetic insulator with a different crystal structure. We observe a negative thermal Hall conductivity in ${\mathrm{TmVO}}_{4}$ with a magnitude such that the Hall angle, $|{\ensuremath{\kappa}}_{xy}/{\ensuremath{\kappa}}_{xx}|$, is approximately $1\ifmmode\times\else\texttimes\fi{}{10}^{\ensuremath{-}3}$ at $H$ = 15 T and $T$ = 20 K, typical for a phonon-generated thermal Hall effect. In contrast to the negligible ${\ensuremath{\kappa}}_{xy}$ found in the nonmagnetic pyrochlore analog (where the ${\mathrm{Tb}}^{3+}$ ions are replaced with ${\mathrm{Y}}^{3+}$), we observe a negative ${\ensuremath{\kappa}}_{xy}$ in ${\mathrm{YVO}}_{4}$ with a Hall angle of magnitude comparable to that of ${\mathrm{TmVO}}_{4}$. This shows that the ${\mathrm{Tm}}^{3+}$ ions are not essential for the thermal Hall effect in this family of materials. Interestingly, at an intermediate Y concentration of $x=0.3$ in ${\mathrm{Tm}}_{1\ensuremath{-}x}{\mathrm{Y}}_{x}{\mathrm{VO}}_{4}, {\ensuremath{\kappa}}_{xy}$ was found to have a positive sign, pointing to the importance of impurities in the thermal Hall effect of phonons.
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How this classification was reachedexpand
Full frame machine prediction
Teacher imitationNot calibrated prevalence, not ground truth. Human validation pending. The Gemma side is a direct model label for every work in the frame, read from the title-only record. The Codex side is a classifier learned from the 10,348 direct Codex labels and calibrated to design-weighted sample rates; fields without enough sample support carry no Codex call. Candidate is the union of the two sides; consensus is their intersection. These outputs are machine_predicted_unvalidated and are not human labels.
Distilled classifier scores by category (both heads)
| Category | Codex | Gemma |
|---|---|---|
| Metaresearch | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (narrow) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (broad) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Bibliometrics | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Science and technology studies | 0.000 | 0.001 |
| Scholarly communication | 0.001 | 0.000 |
| Open science | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Research integrity | 0.000 | 0.001 |
| Insufficient payload (model declined to judge) | 0.002 | 0.000 |
Machine scores (provisional)
The two teacher heads of the student model, read on this work. A score orders the frame for review; it never asserts a category, and the validation status ships verbatim with every row.
Baseline scores from an immature model (maturity gate not passed, 7 training rounds). Scores rank; they never assert a category.
score_only:v0-immature-baseline · verbatim from the scoring run: score_only means the number may rank works, and no category label ships from itClassification
machine, unvalidatedMachine predicted; a candidate call from one source (direct Gemma or distilled Codex), not a consensus.
How this classification was reached, model by model and score by score, is at the end of the page under "How this classification was reached".