Heteroatom-Doped Carbon Nanomaterials Derived from Black Liquor for Electrochemical Oxygen Reduction Reaction
Why this work is in the frame
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Bibliographic record
Abstract
Black liquor is hazardous and one of the main byproducts in the pulp and paper industry. Its primary constituent is lignin, a carbon-based molecule serving as a precursor for the synthesis of nanostructured carbon materials. Herein, we have used black liquor as a precursor to synthesize high surface area carbons for use as electrochemical oxygen reduction reaction (ORR) catalysts. The materials were activated by a NaOH treatment and subsequently nitrogen-doped by mixing with dicyandiamide, followed by pyrolysis. Synthesis resulted in catalyst materials that showed high specific surface area (1807 and 1228 m 2 g –1, respectively), high surface nitrogen content (6.7 and 5.1 at. %, respectively), and the inclusion of chromium and sulfur impurities that originated from the black liquor. The black liquor-based catalyst exhibited high ORR activity in alkaline media with a half-wave potential ( E 1/2 ) of 780 mV and an onset potential ( E onset ) of 900 mV versus RHE. The resultant Zn–air battery delivered a high peak power density of 112 mW cm –2 at 171 mA cm –2 and a specific capacity of 633 mAh g –1 .
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Full frame distilled prediction
Teacher imitationNot calibrated prevalence, not ground truth. Human validation pending. Learned from the 10,348 direct Codex labels and 10,348 direct Gemma labels. Candidate is the union of thresholded teacher heads; consensus is their intersection. These outputs are machine_predicted_unvalidated and are not human labels or direct frontier model labels.
Codex and Gemma teacher scores by category
| Category | Codex | Gemma |
|---|---|---|
| Metaresearch | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (narrow) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (broad) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Bibliometrics | 0.000 | 0.001 |
| Science and technology studies | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Scholarly communication | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Open science | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Research integrity | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Insufficient payload (model declined to judge) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
Machine scores (provisional)
The two teacher heads of the student model, read on this work. A score orders the frame for review; it never asserts a category, and the validation status ships verbatim with every row.
Baseline scores from an immature model (maturity gate not passed, 7 training rounds). Scores rank; they never assert a category.
score_only:v0-immature-baseline · verbatim from the scoring run: score_only means the number may rank works, and no category label ships from it