Prolactin modulates changes in parental care behaviour in response to perceived paternity in bluegill sunfish (Lepomis macrochirus)
Bibliographic record
Abstract
Prolactin is a hormone conserved across all vertebrates and is renowned for its role in reproduction and parental care. Previous studies on prolactin in fish have primarily relied on administration of mammalian prolactin and have suggested that increases in prolactin lead to greater parental care. However, the influence of endogenous prolactin on fish parental care remains unknown. Here, we measure circulating concentrations of endogenous prolactin during parental care in a fish and link these concentrations to parental care behaviour. We provide evidence that male bluegill sunfish with higher circulating concentrations of prolactin provide more parental care to their offspring. Furthermore, we show that nesting males with experimentally reduced perceived paternity have lower circulating prolactin concentrations and perform fewer parental behaviours, facilitating an adaptive investment in offspring in response to paternity cues. Our findings not only confirm the role of endogenous prolactin in modulating parental care behaviour in a fish but also provide a mechanism underlying the adaptive changes in parental care made in response to perceived paternity.
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How this classification was reachedexpand
Full frame distilled prediction
Teacher imitationNot calibrated prevalence, not ground truth. Human validation pending. Learned from the 10,348 direct Codex labels and 10,348 direct Gemma labels. Candidate is the union of thresholded teacher heads; consensus is their intersection. These outputs are machine_predicted_unvalidated and are not human labels or direct frontier model labels.
Codex and Gemma teacher scores by category
| Category | Codex | Gemma |
|---|---|---|
| Metaresearch | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (narrow) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (broad) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Bibliometrics | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Science and technology studies | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Scholarly communication | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Open science | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Research integrity | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Insufficient payload (model declined to judge) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
Machine scores (provisional)
The two teacher heads of the student model, read on this work. A score orders the frame for review; it never asserts a category, and the validation status ships verbatim with every row.
Baseline scores from an immature model (maturity gate not passed, 7 training rounds). Scores rank; they never assert a category.
score_only:v0-immature-baseline · verbatim from the scoring run: score_only means the number may rank works, and no category label ships from itClassification
machine, unvalidatedMachine predicted; a candidate call from one teacher head, not a consensus.
How this classification was reached, model by model and score by score, is at the end of the page under "How this classification was reached".