A concept of CSS surface for describing the thermo-mechanical volume change of unsaturated bentonite
Bibliographic record
Abstract
In this work, two types of thermo-mechanical volume change tests were carried out on unsaturated GMZ bentonite specimens. Results of temperature–suction controlled compression tests indicated that the virgin compression lines of unsaturated bentonite eventually converged toward that of saturated bentonite. With the concept of critical saturated state (CSS) curve, bilinear normal consolidation lines with consideration of temperature were proposed. Results of thermal loading tests indicated that the effects of over-consolidation ratio on the thermal volume change behavior of unsaturated and saturated bentonite were similar, while, the suction effect on the thermal volume change behavior of unsaturated bentonite was different in unsaturated and critical saturated state. Based on the test results, a new concept of CSS surface was proposed in the stress space ( s–p–T space) for compacted bentonite. In the new framework, the thermo-mechanical volume change behavior of unsaturated bentonite could be well described. The results obtained in this work could provide a new conception for developing the thermo-mechanical constitutive model for unsaturated bentonite.
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How this classification was reachedexpand
Full frame machine prediction
Teacher imitationNot calibrated prevalence, not ground truth. Human validation pending. The Gemma side is a direct model label for every work in the frame, read from the title-only record. The Codex side is a classifier learned from the 10,348 direct Codex labels and calibrated to design-weighted sample rates; fields without enough sample support carry no Codex call. Candidate is the union of the two sides; consensus is their intersection. These outputs are machine_predicted_unvalidated and are not human labels.
Distilled classifier scores by category (both heads)
| Category | Codex | Gemma |
|---|---|---|
| Metaresearch | 0.000 | 0.001 |
| Meta-epidemiology (narrow) | 0.001 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (broad) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Bibliometrics | 0.001 | 0.001 |
| Science and technology studies | 0.000 | 0.001 |
| Scholarly communication | 0.001 | 0.002 |
| Open science | 0.001 | 0.000 |
| Research integrity | 0.001 | 0.001 |
| Insufficient payload (model declined to judge) | 0.001 | 0.000 |
Machine scores (provisional)
The two teacher heads of the student model, read on this work. A score orders the frame for review; it never asserts a category, and the validation status ships verbatim with every row.
Baseline scores from an immature model (maturity gate not passed, 7 training rounds). Scores rank; they never assert a category.
score_only:v0-immature-baseline · verbatim from the scoring run: score_only means the number may rank works, and no category label ships from itClassification
machine, unvalidatedMachine predicted; a candidate call from one source (direct Gemma or distilled Codex), not a consensus.
How this classification was reached, model by model and score by score, is at the end of the page under "How this classification was reached".