Understanding Choices of Legal Forms: Empirical Evidence From Private Indigenous Businesses in Canada
Bibliographic record
Abstract
The present study takes up the challenge of the Truth and Reconciliation Commission Report Call to Action 27 to provide “appropriate cultural competency training” for lawyers dealing with Indigenous persons. Specifically, we look at how private Indigenous business owners take up private law forms of business organization, namely: sole proprietorship, partnership, and corporation. We use survey data from representative samples of Indigenous entrepreneurs in Canada in 2010 and 2015, and we also employ the report of the 2020 Ontario Aboriginal Business Survey developed by the Canadian Council for Aboriginal Business. Findings reveal that Indigenous entrepreneurs’ higher education levels, business training and experience, as well as the age and size of the business positively influence the selection of the corporation legal form of business. Business location on a reserve has a positive influence on the selection of sole proprietorship or partnership forms. These conclusions, based on empirical evidence, answer a need identified in the study of Indigenous business enterprises and allow legal practitioners to understand the reasons why private Indigenous entrepreneurs prefer one form of legal business organization over others.
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How this classification was reachedexpand
Full frame machine prediction
Teacher imitationNot calibrated prevalence, not ground truth. Human validation pending. The Gemma side is a direct model label for every work in the frame, read from the title-only record. The Codex side is a classifier learned from the 10,348 direct Codex labels and calibrated to design-weighted sample rates; fields without enough sample support carry no Codex call. Candidate is the union of the two sides; consensus is their intersection. These outputs are machine_predicted_unvalidated and are not human labels.
Distilled classifier scores by category (both heads)
| Category | Codex | Gemma |
|---|---|---|
| Metaresearch | 0.003 | 0.014 |
| Meta-epidemiology (narrow) | 0.000 | 0.001 |
| Meta-epidemiology (broad) | 0.001 | 0.000 |
| Bibliometrics | 0.003 | 0.007 |
| Science and technology studies | 0.010 | 0.004 |
| Scholarly communication | 0.004 | 0.002 |
| Open science | 0.002 | 0.003 |
| Research integrity | 0.001 | 0.002 |
| Insufficient payload (model declined to judge) | 0.004 | 0.000 |
Machine scores (provisional)
The two teacher heads of the student model, read on this work. A score orders the frame for review; it never asserts a category, and the validation status ships verbatim with every row.
Baseline scores from an immature model (maturity gate not passed, 7 training rounds). Scores rank; they never assert a category.
score_only:v0-immature-baseline · verbatim from the scoring run: score_only means the number may rank works, and no category label ships from itClassification
machine, unvalidatedMachine predicted; a candidate call from one source (direct Gemma or distilled Codex), not a consensus.
How this classification was reached, model by model and score by score, is at the end of the page under "How this classification was reached".