Cognitive and behavioural profile of patients with Amyotrophic Lateral Sclerosis spectrum in the Indian Context
Bibliographic record
Abstract
INTRODUCTION: Amyotrophic lateral sclerosis (ALS) is characterized by motor, cognitive, and behavioral impairment. There is a paucity of evidence about the cognitive/behavioral features of ALS patients from India. We aimed to investigate the cognitive/behavioral profile of ALS spectrum disorders in the Indian context. METHODS: Sixty patients with ALS spectrum and 40 age-, gender-, and education-matched healthy controls were recruited. The scales used were Addenbrooke's Cognitive Examination (ACE-III), Clinical Dementia Rating (CDR) scale, and Frontal Systems Behavior (FrSBe) Scale. RESULTS: The mean age of the overall cohort was 55 years, and male-to-female ratio was 2.5:1. The mean duration of illness of the cohort was 16 months. Patients were classified as ALS with normal cognition (ALS-cn, n = 21), mild cognitive or behavioral deficits (ALS-ci/-bi, n = 28), and frontotemporal dementia (ALS-FTD, n = 11). ALS-cn had poorer scores compared to healthy controls in global cognition, memory, and language (p < 0.05). ALS-ci/-bi performed poorer than healthy controls on all cognitive domains (p < 0.05). ALS-FTD had poorer scores than healthy controls and ALS-cn on all cognitive domains (p < 0.001). Behavioral assessment showed an increase in apathy among all subtypes. ALS-FTD showed significant worsening in disinhibition and executive function compared to ALS-cn and ALS-ci/-bi. CONCLUSION: Our findings suggest that there are key cognitive and behavior characteristics in Indian patients with ALS spectrum. This further strengthens the evidence of a cognitive continuum in ALS and FTD in a diverse context and highlights the importance of meticulous evaluation and correct diagnosis that would assist in better management.
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How this classification was reachedexpand
Full frame distilled prediction
Teacher imitationNot calibrated prevalence, not ground truth. Human validation pending. Learned from the 10,348 direct Codex labels and 10,348 direct Gemma labels. Candidate is the union of thresholded teacher heads; consensus is their intersection. These outputs are machine_predicted_unvalidated and are not human labels or direct frontier model labels.
Codex and Gemma teacher scores by category
| Category | Codex | Gemma |
|---|---|---|
| Metaresearch | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (narrow) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (broad) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Bibliometrics | 0.000 | 0.001 |
| Science and technology studies | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Scholarly communication | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Open science | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Research integrity | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Insufficient payload (model declined to judge) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
Machine scores (provisional)
The two teacher heads of the student model, read on this work. A score orders the frame for review; it never asserts a category, and the validation status ships verbatim with every row.
Baseline scores from an immature model (maturity gate not passed, 7 training rounds). Scores rank; they never assert a category.
score_only:v0-immature-baseline · verbatim from the scoring run: score_only means the number may rank works, and no category label ships from itClassification
machine, unvalidatedMachine predicted; a candidate call from one teacher head, not a consensus.
How this classification was reached, model by model and score by score, is at the end of the page under "How this classification was reached".