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Acceptance Tests of more than 10 000 Photomultiplier Tubes for the multi-PMT Digital Optical Modules of the IceCube Upgrade
R. Abbasi, M. Ackermann, J. Adams, Sanjib Kumar Agarwalla, J. A. Aguilar, M. Ahlers, Jean-Marco Alameddine, N. M. Amin, K. Andeen, G. Anton, C. Argüelles, Y. Ashida, S. Athanasiadou, L. Ausborm, Spencer Axani, X. Bai, Aswathi Balagopal, M. Baricevic, S. W. Barwick, Simeon Bash, Vedant Basu, R. Bay, J. J. Beatty, J. Becker Tjus, Jakob Beise, C. Bellenghi, Charlotte Benning, S. BenZvi, D. Berley, E. Bernardini, D. Z. Besson, E. Blaufuss, Lucas Bloom, Summer Blot, F. Bontempo, Julia Book, Caterina Boscolo Meneguolo, S. Böser, O. Botner, J. Böttcher, J. Braun, B. Brinson, Jannes Brostean-Kaiser, L. Brusa, Ryan T. Burley, Delaney Butterfield, Michael Campana, I. Caracas, K. Carloni, J. Graciá‐Carpio, Sharmistha Chattopadhyay, Thien Nhan Chau, Z. Chen, D. Chirkin, S. Choi, Brian Clark, A. Coleman, G. H. Collin, A. Connolly, J. M. Conrad, P. Coppin, Rebecca Corley, Pablo Correa, D. F. Cowen, P. Dave, C. De Clercq, J.J. DeLaunay, D. Delgado, S. Deng, Abhishek Desai, P. Desiati, K. D. de Vries, G. de Wasseige, T. DeYoung, A. Diaz, J. C. Díaz–Vélez, P. Dierichs, M. Dittmer, A. Domi, Lincoln Draper, H. Dujmovic, Kaustav Dutta, M. A. DuVernois, T. Ehrhardt, Leonhard Eidenschink, A. Eimer, P. Eller, E. Ellinger, Sharif El Mentawi, Dominik Elsässer, R. Engel, H. Erpenbeck, John Evans, P. A. Evenson, Kwok Lung Fan, Kareem Ramadan Farrag, A. R. Fazely, A. Fedynitch, Nora Feigl, Sebastian Fiedlschuster, C. Finley, L. Fischer, D. B. Fox, A. Franckowiak, Satoshi Fukami, Philipp Fürst, J. Gallagher, Erik Ganster, A. Garcia, M. Ramirez-García, Gaurav Garg, Eliot Genton, L. Gerhardt, A. Ghadimi, C. Girard-Carillo, C. Glaser, T. Glüsenkamp, J.G. Gonzalez, S. Goswami, Alejandra Granados, D. Grant, S. J. Gray, Oliver Gries, S. Griffin, S. Griswold, Katrina M. Groth, C. Günther, P. Gutjahr, C. Ha, Christian Haack, A. Hallgren, R. Halliday, L. Halve, F. Halzen, H. Hamdaoui, M. Ha Minh, Michael Handt, K. Hanson, J. Hardin, Alexander Harnisch, P. Hatch, A. Haungs, Jonas Häußler, K. Helbing, J. Hellrung, J. Hermannsgabner, L. Heuermann, Nils Heyer, S. Hickford, A. Hidvegi, C. Hill, G. C. Hill, K. D. Hoffman, Sam Hori, K. Hoshina, Matheus Hostert, Wenjie Hou, Thomas Huber, K. Hultqvist, M. Hünnefeld, R. Hussain, Karolin Hymon, A. Ishihara, W. Iwakiri, M. Jacquart, Oliver Janik, M. Jansson, G. S. Japaridze, Minjin Jeong, Miaochen Jin, B. J. P. Jones, R. Joppe, N. Kamp, D. Kang, Woosik Kang, X. Kang, A. Kappes, D. Kappesser, L. Kardum, T. Karg, M. Karl, A. Karle, Akanksha Katil, U. Katz, M. Kauer, J. L. Kelley, Manish Khanal, A. Khatee Zathul, Ali Kheirandish, J. Kiryluk, A. Kochocki, R. Koirala, H. Kolanoski, T. Kontrimas, L. Köpke, C. Kopper, D. J. Koskinen, Marko Kossatz, P. Koundal, M. Kovacevich, M. Kowalski, T. Kozynets, J. Krishnamoorthi, K. Kruiswijk, E. Krupczak, A. Kumar, E. Kun, N. Kurahashi, N. N. Lad, Cristina Lagunas Gualda, M. Lamoureux, M. J. Larson, Silvia Latseva, Frederik Hermann Lauber, Jeffrey Lazar, J.W. Lee, Kayla Leonard DeHolton, Agnieszka Leszczyńska, J. Y. Liao, M. Lincetto, Y.T. Liu, M. Liubarska, E. Lohfink, C. Love, L. Lu, Francesco Lucarelli, W. Luszczak, J. Madsen, Else Magnus, K. B. M. Mahn, Y. Makino, Elena Manao, S. Mancina, W. Marie Sainte, Ioana Codrina Mariş, S. Marka, Z. Márka, M. Marsee, I. Martinez-Soler, R. Maruyama, Finn Mayhew, F. McNally, J. V. Mead, K. Meagher, S. Mechbal, A. Medina, Maximilian Meier, Y. Merckx, Lukas Merten, J. Micallef, J. T. Mitchell, T. Montaruli, R. W. Moore, Y. Morii, R. Morse, Marjon Moulai, T. Mukherjee, Richard Naab, R. Nagai, M. Nakos, U. Naumann, J. Necker, Akshima Negi, Ludwig Neste, M. Neumann, Hans Niederhausen, M. U. Nisa, K. Noda, A. Noell, A. Novikov, A. Obertacke Pollmann, V. O'Dell, Bob Oeyen, A. Olivas, R. Orsoe, J. Osborn, Ewan O’Sullivan, H. Pandya, N. Park, Grant Parker, Ek Narayan Paudel, L. Paul, C. Pérez de los Heros, Teresa Pernice, J. Peterson, S. Philippen, A. Pizzuto, M. Plum, Axel Ponten, Y. Popovych, Maria Prado Rodriguez, B. Pries, R. Procter-Murphy, G.T. Przybylski, C. Raab, John Rack-Helleis, Martin Langgård Ravn, K. Rawlins, Z. Rechav, Abdul Rehman, P. Reichherzer, E. Resconi, S. Reusch, W. Rhode, B. Riedel, Adam Rifaie, E. J. Roberts, S. Robertson, S. Rodan, G. Roellinghoff, Martin Rongen, Aske Rosted, C. Rott, T. Ruhe, L. Ruohan, D. Ryckbosch, I. Safa, J. Saffer, D. Salazar-Gallegos, P. Sampathkumar, A. Sandrock, M. Santander, S. Sarkar, J. Savelberg, P. Savina, Patrick Schaile, H. Schieler, S. Schindler, B. Schlüter, Felix Schlüter, Nick Schmeisser, T. Schmidt, J. Schneider, Frank Schröder, L. Schumacher, S. Sclafani, D. Seckel, M. Seikh, Minhye Seo, S. Seunarine, P. Sevle Myhr, R. Shah, S. Shefali, N. Shimizu, M. Silva, B. Skrzypek, B. Smithers, R. Snihur, J. Soedingrekso, A. Søgaard, D. Soldin, A. Stahl, Giacomo Sommani, Christian Spannfellner, G. M. Spiczak, Christian Spiering, M. Stamatikos, T. Stanev, T. Stezelberger, T. Stürwald, Thomas Stuttard, K.-H. Sulanke, G. W. Sullivan, I. Taboada, S. Ter–Antonyan, A. Terliuk, Matthias Thiesmeyer, W. G. Thompson, J. Thwaites, S. Tilav, K. Tollefson, C. Tönnis, S. Toscano, D. Tosi, A. Trettin, R. Turcotte, Jean Pierre Twagirayezu, Martin Unland Elorrieta, Alka Upadhyay, K. Upshaw, A. Vaidyanathan, N. Valtonen-Mattila, J. Vandenbroucke, N. van Eijndhoven, D. Vannerom, J. van Santen, J. Vara, J. Veitch-Michaelis, M. Venugopal, Matthias Vereecken, S. Verpoest, Doğa Veske, A. Vijai, C. Walck, Andrew Wang, C. Weaver, P. Weigel, A. Weindl, J. Weldert, Alex Wen, Chris Wendt, J. Werthebach, M. Weyrauch, N. Whitehorn, C. H. Wiebusch, D. R. Williams, Lucas Witthaus, A. Wolf, Martin Wolf, Gerrit Wrede, Xu Jia, Emre Burak Yildizci, S. Yoshida, R. Young, Shaoqing Yu, Tony Yuan, Z. Zhang, P. Zhelnin, Perri Zilberman, Melany Zimmerman
Bibliographic record
VenueJournal of Instrumentation · 2024
Typearticle
Languageen
FieldPhysics and Astronomy
TopicAstrophysics and Cosmic Phenomena
Canadian institutionsQueen's UniversityUniversity of AlbertaInstitute of Particle Physics
Fundersnot available
KeywordsPhotomultiplierUpgradePhysicsNuclear physicsMedical physicsOpticsComputer scienceDetectorOperating system
Abstract
Abstract More than 10000 photomultiplier tubes (PMTs) with a diameter of 80 mm will be installed in multi-PMT Digital Optical Modules (mDOMs) of the IceCube Upgrade. These have been tested and pre-calibrated at two sites. A throughput of more than 1000 PMTs per week with both sites was achieved with a modular design of the testing facilities and highly automated testing procedures. The testing facilities can easily be adapted to other PMTs, such that they can, e.g., be re-used for testing the PMTs for IceCube-Gen2. Single photoelectron response, high voltage dependence, time resolution, prepulse, late pulse, afterpulse probabilities, and dark rates were measured for each PMT. We describe the design of the testing facilities, the testing procedures, and the results of the acceptance tests.
Fetched live from OpenAlex and de-inverted. Abstracts are not stored in this database: the inverted indexes are 8.6 GB of the frame’s 9.3 GB of text, and the host has 13 GB free.
How this classification was reachedexpand
Full frame distilled prediction
Teacher imitationNot calibrated prevalence, not ground truth. Human validation pending. Learned from the 10,348 direct Codex labels and 10,348 direct Gemma labels. Candidate is the union of thresholded teacher heads; consensus is their intersection. These outputs are machine_predicted_unvalidated and are not human labels or direct frontier model labels.
metaresearch head score (Codex)0.000
metaresearch head score (Gemma)0.000
Version: codex-gemma-dda1882f352aValidation status: machine_predicted_unvalidated
Candidate categoriesnone
Consensus categoriesnone
DomainCandidate signal: none · Consensus signal: none
Study designCandidate signal: Other design · Consensus signal: none
GenreCandidate signal: Empirical · Consensus signal: Empirical
Teacher disagreement score0.809
Threshold uncertainty score0.228
Codex and Gemma teacher scores by category
| Category | Codex | Gemma |
|---|---|---|
| Metaresearch | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (narrow) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (broad) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Bibliometrics | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Science and technology studies | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Scholarly communication | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Open science | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Research integrity | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Insufficient payload (model declined to judge) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
Machine scores (provisional)
The two teacher heads of the student model, read on this work. A score orders the frame for review; it never asserts a category, and the validation status ships verbatim with every row.
Baseline scores from an immature model (maturity gate not passed, 7 training rounds). Scores rank; they never assert a category.
Opus teacher head0.013
GPT teacher head0.270
Teacher spread0.257 · how far apart the two teachers sit on this one work
Validation status
score_only:v0-immature-baseline · verbatim from the scoring run: score_only means the number may rank works, and no category label ships from itClassification
machine, unvalidatedMachine predicted; a candidate call from one teacher head, not a consensus.
The models applied no category: nothing in the taxonomy fit this work.
Study designOther design
Domainnot available
GenreEmpirical
How this classification was reached, model by model and score by score, is at the end of the page under "How this classification was reached".
Quick stats
Citations3
Published2024
Admission routes1
Has abstractyes