Separation of free fatty acids and neutral lipids from an aqueous suspension of crude microalgae oil with ethyl acetate
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Bibliographic record
Abstract
The aim of this study was to determine the liquid-liquid equilibrium data for a ternary system of water, ethyl acetate and oil from the microalgae Scenedesmus obliquus at 298.15, 308.15, and 318.15 K. The potential of the ternary system was also investigated for the selective extraction of free fatty acids and neutral lipids from crude microalgae oil. The equilibrium data were obtained using a model oil formulated from a mixture of refined vegetable oils, with a fatty acid profile analogous to the dark and opaque algae oil. The experimental equilibrium curves and tie lines were provided as a function of temperature for a free fatty acid content of 2%, 20% and 40% (w/w). The free fatty acids in the model oil migrated preferentially to the ethyl acetate-rich phase in each of the systems under study, with extraction efficiencies ranging from 79.4% to 97.1%. However, the extraction efficiencies for the neutral lipids were lower (51.5–70.1%), indicating the preferential extraction of free fatty acids. The distribution coefficients of neutral lipids (1.06–2.34) and free fatty acids (3.85–33.2) were determined in order to better understand the selectivity of the green solvent, ethyl acetate, in the purification of crude oil from algae. The selectivity values varied from 1.84 to 28.6, indicating that the solvent was effective in concentrating neutral lipids and free fatty acids in the ethyl acetate-rich phase. The increase in free fatty acid content therefore reduced the partition coefficient for neutral lipids, improving its selectivity, and making it possible to concentrate this lipid class by liquid-liquid separation with ethyl acetate.
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Full frame distilled prediction
Teacher imitationNot calibrated prevalence, not ground truth. Human validation pending. Learned from the 10,348 direct Codex labels and 10,348 direct Gemma labels. Candidate is the union of thresholded teacher heads; consensus is their intersection. These outputs are machine_predicted_unvalidated and are not human labels or direct frontier model labels.
Codex and Gemma teacher scores by category
| Category | Codex | Gemma |
|---|---|---|
| Metaresearch | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (narrow) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (broad) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Bibliometrics | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Science and technology studies | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Scholarly communication | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Open science | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Research integrity | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Insufficient payload (model declined to judge) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
Machine scores (provisional)
The two teacher heads of the student model, read on this work. A score orders the frame for review; it never asserts a category, and the validation status ships verbatim with every row.
Baseline scores from an immature model (maturity gate not passed, 7 training rounds). Scores rank; they never assert a category.
score_only:v0-immature-baseline · verbatim from the scoring run: score_only means the number may rank works, and no category label ships from it