Association of sodium glucose co-transporter-2 inhibitors with risk of diabetic ketoacidosis among hospitalized patients: A multicentre cohort study
Bibliographic record
Abstract
Sodium glucose co-transporter-2 inhibitors (SGLT-2i) are increasingly being used among hospitalized patients. Our objective was to assess the risk of diabetic ketoacidosis (DKA) among hospitalized patients receiving an SGLT-2i. We conducted a multicentre cohort study of patients hospitalized at 19 hospitals. We included patients over 18 years of age who received an SGLT-2i or a dipeptidyl peptidase-4 inhibitor (DPP-4i) in hospital. The primary outcome was the risk of DKA during their hospitalization. 61,517 patients received a DPP-4i and 11,061 received an SGLT-2i. The risk of inpatient DKA was 0.07 % ( N = 41 events) among adults who received a DPP-4i and 0.18 % ( N = 20 events) among adults who received an SGLT-2i; adjusted odds ratio of 3.30 (95 % CI: 1.85–5.72). In hospitalized patients, the absolute risk of DKA was 0.2 %, which corresponded to a three-fold higher relative risk. • We conducted a multicentre cohort study of hospitalized adults to examine the risk of diabetic ketoacidosis (DKA) among patients who received an SGLT2 inhibitor in hospital (SGLT-2i). • The absolute risk of DKA with SGLT-2i was 0.2%, results consistent with a recent meta-analysis of SGLT-2i use in the outpatient setting.
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How this classification was reachedexpand
Full frame distilled prediction
Teacher imitationNot calibrated prevalence, not ground truth. Human validation pending. Learned from the 10,348 direct Codex labels and 10,348 direct Gemma labels. Candidate is the union of thresholded teacher heads; consensus is their intersection. These outputs are machine_predicted_unvalidated and are not human labels or direct frontier model labels.
Codex and Gemma teacher scores by category
| Category | Codex | Gemma |
|---|---|---|
| Metaresearch | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (narrow) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (broad) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Bibliometrics | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Science and technology studies | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Scholarly communication | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Open science | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Research integrity | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Insufficient payload (model declined to judge) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
Machine scores (provisional)
The two teacher heads of the student model, read on this work. A score orders the frame for review; it never asserts a category, and the validation status ships verbatim with every row.
Baseline scores from an immature model (maturity gate not passed, 7 training rounds). Scores rank; they never assert a category.
score_only:v0-immature-baseline · verbatim from the scoring run: score_only means the number may rank works, and no category label ships from itClassification
machine, unvalidatedMachine predicted; a candidate call from one teacher head, not a consensus.
How this classification was reached, model by model and score by score, is at the end of the page under "How this classification was reached".