Lead Sulfide Thin Films (PbS): Synthesis, Characterization and Theoretical Investigation via Biosensors Applications
Bibliographic record
Abstract
In the present paper, we have conducted both theoretical and experimental investigations on thin films of lead sulfide (PbS).The structural and morphological properties of these films, which were prepared using the spray pyrolysis method, were analyzed utilizing Xray diffraction (XRD) and scanning electron microscopy (SEM).Theoretical calculations were performed employing the first principles full potential linearized augmented plane wave (FP-LAPW) approach.The findings of this study reveal that the PbS film that was deposited is polycrystalline and possesses a rock-salt structure.The SEM image depicts a planar structure with dimensions ranging from 480 to 930 nm.The results obtained through energy dispersive spectroscopy (EDS) indicate high crystalline quality, and the film surface exhibits a rough texture and a dense morphology.In terms of its behavior, PbS acts as a semiconductor with a direct optical band gap situated at the L point of the Brillouin zone (BZ).The density of states on both sides of the band gap is primarily of s-p character.The ionic nature of PbS can be attributed to charge transfer.A substantial level of agreement has been observed between the experimental and theoretical results.Our ongoing research endeavors aim to explore biosensors and their various applications.The novelty of this work lies in the combined study of the structural and morphological properties of PbS films grown using the spray pyrolysis technique, employing both experimental and theoretical approaches.This paper describes a comprehensive approach to understanding bulk and thin-film PbS materials through theory and experimentation.
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How this classification was reachedexpand
Full frame machine prediction
Teacher imitationNot calibrated prevalence, not ground truth. Human validation pending. The Gemma side is a direct model label for every work in the frame, read from the title-only record. The Codex side is a classifier learned from the 10,348 direct Codex labels and calibrated to design-weighted sample rates; fields without enough sample support carry no Codex call. Candidate is the union of the two sides; consensus is their intersection. These outputs are machine_predicted_unvalidated and are not human labels.
Distilled classifier scores by category (both heads)
| Category | Codex | Gemma |
|---|---|---|
| Metaresearch | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (narrow) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (broad) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Bibliometrics | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Science and technology studies | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Scholarly communication | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Open science | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Research integrity | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Insufficient payload (model declined to judge) | 0.001 | 0.000 |
Machine scores (provisional)
The two teacher heads of the student model, read on this work. A score orders the frame for review; it never asserts a category, and the validation status ships verbatim with every row.
Baseline scores from an immature model (maturity gate not passed, 7 training rounds). Scores rank; they never assert a category.
score_only:v0-immature-baseline · verbatim from the scoring run: score_only means the number may rank works, and no category label ships from itClassification
machine, unvalidatedMachine predicted; a candidate call from one source (direct Gemma or distilled Codex), not a consensus.
How this classification was reached, model by model and score by score, is at the end of the page under "How this classification was reached".