Decentralized Drug Transaction Tracking: A Novel Hybrid Blockchain-IPFS Platform
Bibliographic record
Abstract
Counterfeit drugs are a serious global problem that poses threats to public health. It occurs when falsified or counterfeit drugs are intentionally manufactured and introduced into the pharmaceutical supply chain, masquerading as genuine products. This is due to the complexity of the supply chain that involves independent entities. As a result, a drug transits through several stages before reaching the patient. Current drug management systems are centralized, thus creating data transparency and authenticity risks within the supply chain. To bypass this issue, we propose in this paper a novel hybrid and distributed drug transaction tracking platform that leverages a combination of the Interplanetary File System (IPFS) protocol and Ethereum blockchain. Relying on IPFS guarantees the integrity of drug traceability data, while the blockchain ensures the authenticity of this data. We developed our platform and, through experiments, we prove that our method is more efficient, in terms of process costs, than the conventional blockchain-based drug tracking system.
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How this classification was reachedexpand
Full frame machine prediction
Teacher imitationNot calibrated prevalence, not ground truth. Human validation pending. The Gemma side is a direct model label for every work in the frame, read from the title-only record. The Codex side is a classifier learned from the 10,348 direct Codex labels and calibrated to design-weighted sample rates; fields without enough sample support carry no Codex call. Candidate is the union of the two sides; consensus is their intersection. These outputs are machine_predicted_unvalidated and are not human labels.
Distilled classifier scores by category (both heads)
| Category | Codex | Gemma |
|---|---|---|
| Metaresearch | 0.001 | 0.002 |
| Meta-epidemiology (narrow) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (broad) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Bibliometrics | 0.001 | 0.001 |
| Science and technology studies | 0.001 | 0.001 |
| Scholarly communication | 0.001 | 0.002 |
| Open science | 0.001 | 0.002 |
| Research integrity | 0.001 | 0.001 |
| Insufficient payload (model declined to judge) | 0.004 | 0.001 |
Machine scores (provisional)
The two teacher heads of the student model, read on this work. A score orders the frame for review; it never asserts a category, and the validation status ships verbatim with every row.
Baseline scores from an immature model (maturity gate not passed, 7 training rounds). Scores rank; they never assert a category.
score_only:v0-immature-baseline · verbatim from the scoring run: score_only means the number may rank works, and no category label ships from itClassification
machine, unvalidatedMachine predicted; a candidate call from one source (direct Gemma or distilled Codex), not a consensus.
How this classification was reached, model by model and score by score, is at the end of the page under "How this classification was reached".