First evidence of white sharks, Carcharodon carcharias, in the tongue of the ocean, central Bahamas
Bibliographic record
Abstract
The white shark, Carcharodon carcharias , is an iconic apex predator, playing an important ecological role across its range. Persistent bycatch and overfishing led to white shark declines, but recent studies in the North Western Atlantic (NWA) revealed evidence for regional recovery, and highlighted the importance of Southeastern Florida and the Gulf of Mexico as overwintering grounds for maturing white sharks. However, despite its proximity to Florida and comparably productive habitats, records of white sharks in The Bahamas are extremely rare, with a comprehensive survey of sightings and captures describing only one white shark between 1800 - 2010. Here, we reveal acoustic tracking detections of ten white sharks from 2020 - 2024 along the western edge of the Tongue of the Ocean off Central Andros Island, The Bahamas. White sharks were originally tagged off the coast of the United States and Canada, and detected off Andros Island, The Bahamas from November-May. White sharks were detected along the drop-off zone of the reef at ca. 25 m, exclusively between dusk and dawn, with the number of detections suggesting transient behavior. These findings expand our knowledge of white shark distribution in the NWA, highlighting data gaps in The Bahamas and underlining the importance of collaborative protective measures for species recovery.
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How this classification was reachedexpand
Full frame distilled prediction
Teacher imitationNot calibrated prevalence, not ground truth. Human validation pending. Learned from the 10,348 direct Codex labels and 10,348 direct Gemma labels. Candidate is the union of thresholded teacher heads; consensus is their intersection. These outputs are machine_predicted_unvalidated and are not human labels or direct frontier model labels.
Codex and Gemma teacher scores by category
| Category | Codex | Gemma |
|---|---|---|
| Metaresearch | 0.002 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (narrow) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (broad) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Bibliometrics | 0.000 | 0.002 |
| Science and technology studies | 0.000 | 0.003 |
| Scholarly communication | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Open science | 0.002 | 0.002 |
| Research integrity | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Insufficient payload (model declined to judge) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
Machine scores (provisional)
The two teacher heads of the student model, read on this work. A score orders the frame for review; it never asserts a category, and the validation status ships verbatim with every row.
Baseline scores from an immature model (maturity gate not passed, 7 training rounds). Scores rank; they never assert a category.
score_only:v0-immature-baseline · verbatim from the scoring run: score_only means the number may rank works, and no category label ships from itClassification
machine, unvalidatedMachine predicted; a candidate call from one teacher head, not a consensus.
How this classification was reached, model by model and score by score, is at the end of the page under "How this classification was reached".