Study on the influence of vertical stress difference coefficient on fracture characteristics of shale under high stress
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Bibliographic record
Abstract
Abstract To study the effect of vertical stress difference coefficient on fracture characteristics of shale fracturing, high stress true triaxial hydraulic fracturing test was carried out. By analyzing the profile after fracturing, it was found that the area of hydraulic fracture increased with the increase of vertical stress difference coefficient, and the probability of shear fracture will increase when the stress difference coefficient was high. A high vertical stress differential coefficient exerts a strong control over the direction of crack propagation, while a low vertical stress difference coefficient is beneficial to improve the roughness of hydraulic fracture surface and promote the formation of complex fracture network. By analyzing the pump pressure curves of different tests, it was found that with the increase of vertical stress difference coefficient, the formation and expansion of hydraulic fractures were more difficult. The surface characteristics of hydraulic fractures were quantified based on three‐dimensional topography scanning technology, combined with fractal dimension and fracture area calculation method, the results showed that with the increase of vertical stress difference coefficient, the fractal dimension and fracture area decreased. Since shale is stratified, and the transformation of reservoir is mainly reflected in the enhancement of fracture complexity through tensile failure, Xsite discrete grid method was used to study the influence of fracture propagation behavior with different bedding strengths. The results showed that when the bedding tensile strength was high, hydraulic fractures were easy to pass through the bedding, and when the bedding tensile strength was low, hydraulic fractures were easy to be captured by natural fractures. In addition, tensile cracks were easy to form when the tensile strength of bedding was low, shear cracks were easy to form when the strength of bedding was high, and the fracture volume was larger when the strength of bedding was low. This study provides a theoretical basis for hydraulic fracturing in engineering.
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Full frame distilled prediction
Teacher imitationNot calibrated prevalence, not ground truth. Human validation pending. Learned from the 10,348 direct Codex labels and 10,348 direct Gemma labels. Candidate is the union of thresholded teacher heads; consensus is their intersection. These outputs are machine_predicted_unvalidated and are not human labels or direct frontier model labels.
Codex and Gemma teacher scores by category
| Category | Codex | Gemma |
|---|---|---|
| Metaresearch | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (narrow) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (broad) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Bibliometrics | 0.000 | 0.001 |
| Science and technology studies | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Scholarly communication | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Open science | 0.001 | 0.000 |
| Research integrity | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Insufficient payload (model declined to judge) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
Machine scores (provisional)
The two teacher heads of the student model, read on this work. A score orders the frame for review; it never asserts a category, and the validation status ships verbatim with every row.
Baseline scores from an immature model (maturity gate not passed, 7 training rounds). Scores rank; they never assert a category.
score_only:v0-immature-baseline · verbatim from the scoring run: score_only means the number may rank works, and no category label ships from it