Bibliographic record
Abstract
<strong class="journal-contentHeaderColor">Abstract.</strong> This study presents a probabilistic model that partitions the precipitation phase based on hourly measurements from a network of radar-based disdrometers in eastern Canada. The network consists of 27 meteorological stations located in a boreal climate for the years 2020–2023. Precipitation phase observations showed a 2-m air temperature interval between 0–4 °C where probabilities of occurrence of solid, liquid, or mixed precipitation significantly overlapped. Single-phase precipitation was also found to occur more frequently than mixed-phase precipitation. Probabilistic phase-guided partitioning (PGP) models of increasing complexity using random forest algorithms were developed. The PGP models classified the precipitation phase and partitioned the precipitation accordingly into solid and liquid amounts. PGP_basic is based on 2-m air temperature and site elevation, while PGP_hydromet integrates relative humidity. PGP_full includes all the above data plus atmospheric reanalysis data. The PGP models were compared to benchmark precipitation phase partitioning methods. These included a single temperature threshold model set at 1.5 °C, a linear transition model with dual temperature thresholds of –0.38 and 5 °C, and a psychrometric balance model. Among the benchmark models, the single temperature threshold had the best classification performance (F1 score of 0.74) due to a low count of mixed-phase events. The other benchmark models tended to over-predict mixed-phase precipitation in order to decrease partitioning error. All PGP models showed significant phase classification improvement by reproducing the observed overlapping precipitation phases based on 2-m air temperature. PGP_hydromet and PGP_full displayed the best classification performance (F1 score of 0.84). In terms of partitioning error, PGP_full had the lowest RMSE (0.27 mm) and the least variability in performance. The RMSE of the single temperature threshold model was the highest (0.40 mm) and showed the greatest performance variability. An input variable importance analysis revealed that the additional data used in the more complex PGP models mainly improved mixed-phase precipitation prediction. The improvement of mixed-phase prediction remains a challenge. Relative humidity was deemed the least important input variable used, due to consistent near water vapor saturation conditions. Additionally, the reanalysis atmospheric data proved to be an important factor to increase the robustness of the partitioning process. This study establishes a basis for integrating automated phase observations into a hydrometeorological observation network and developing probabilistic precipitation phase models.
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How this classification was reachedexpand
Full frame distilled prediction
Teacher imitationNot calibrated prevalence, not ground truth. Human validation pending. Learned from the 10,348 direct Codex labels and 10,348 direct Gemma labels. Candidate is the union of thresholded teacher heads; consensus is their intersection. These outputs are machine_predicted_unvalidated and are not human labels or direct frontier model labels.
Codex and Gemma teacher scores by category
| Category | Codex | Gemma |
|---|---|---|
| Metaresearch | 0.001 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (narrow) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (broad) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Bibliometrics | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Science and technology studies | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Scholarly communication | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Open science | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Research integrity | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Insufficient payload (model declined to judge) | 0.094 | 0.025 |
Machine scores (provisional)
The two teacher heads of the student model, read on this work. A score orders the frame for review; it never asserts a category, and the validation status ships verbatim with every row.
Baseline scores from an immature model (maturity gate not passed, 7 training rounds). Scores rank; they never assert a category.
score_only:v0-immature-baseline · verbatim from the scoring run: score_only means the number may rank works, and no category label ships from itClassification
machine, unvalidatedMachine predicted; both teacher heads agree on what is shown here.
How this classification was reached, model by model and score by score, is at the end of the page under "How this classification was reached".