‘The Language of Eden in God’s Own Country: Gaelic Presbyterianism in Aotearoa New Zealand’
Bibliographic record
Abstract
This article explains the rise and fall of Scottish Gaelic (Gàidhlig) in the Presbyterian churches of Aotearoa New Zealand during the late nineteenth and early twentieth centuries. In this period, Scottish Gaelic went into steep decline in Scotland and in diaspora communities. This phenomenon was especially notable within Presbyterian churches. Several case studies have charted the decline of Gaelic Presbyterianism in Highland Scotland, Lowland Scotland, Canada, Australia, and the United States of America. This article does the same for Aotearoa New Zealand. It explains that Gaelic in Aotearoa New Zealand was subject to the same pressures as elsewhere. The language’s widespread association with poverty and backwardness meant that many Gaels discarded it for the sake of social advancement. Church leaders tended to favour the assimilation of Gaels after the first generation. Finally, those committed to the language struggled to maintain it in an Anglophone society.
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How this classification was reachedexpand
Full frame machine prediction
Teacher imitationNot calibrated prevalence, not ground truth. Human validation pending. The Gemma side is a direct model label for every work in the frame, read from the title-only record. The Codex side is a classifier learned from the 10,348 direct Codex labels and calibrated to design-weighted sample rates; fields without enough sample support carry no Codex call. Candidate is the union of the two sides; consensus is their intersection. These outputs are machine_predicted_unvalidated and are not human labels.
Distilled classifier scores by category (both heads)
| Category | Codex | Gemma |
|---|---|---|
| Metaresearch | 0.002 | 0.002 |
| Meta-epidemiology (narrow) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (broad) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Bibliometrics | 0.001 | 0.001 |
| Science and technology studies | 0.011 | 0.013 |
| Scholarly communication | 0.003 | 0.002 |
| Open science | 0.001 | 0.003 |
| Research integrity | 0.001 | 0.002 |
| Insufficient payload (model declined to judge) | 0.003 | 0.000 |
Machine scores (provisional)
The two teacher heads of the student model, read on this work. A score orders the frame for review; it never asserts a category, and the validation status ships verbatim with every row.
Baseline scores from an immature model (maturity gate not passed, 7 training rounds). Scores rank; they never assert a category.
score_only:v0-immature-baseline · verbatim from the scoring run: score_only means the number may rank works, and no category label ships from itClassification
machine, unvalidatedMachine predicted; a candidate call from one source (direct Gemma or distilled Codex), not a consensus.
How this classification was reached, model by model and score by score, is at the end of the page under "How this classification was reached".