Bibliographic record
Abstract
The most striking feature about public service unionism in Britain has been its remarkable growth throughout the present century. In 1911, the total union membership within the services listed in Table 2.1 was less than half a million. Strictly speaking, some of the services included in the table were still very much in the private sector in 1911. But the major areas of trade unionism listed, in local government, education, posts and telecommunications, were most clearly ‘public’. By 1979, since when trade unionism in Britain has experienced a sharp decline, the same public services included just short of five million trade unionists. By 1986, according to the latest estimate by IDS, public sector unionists affiliated to the TUC totalled a little over four and a quarter million workers. In addition, there was a further group of 641,000 public sector trade unionists outside the TUC (IDS, 1987). Given that the public corporations by 1986 employed a little over 1.1 million workers and that union density of membership in that branch of the public sector stood at an estimated minimum of 80 per cent, public service unionism by 1986 probably stood at just short of four million members.
Fetched live from OpenAlex and de-inverted. Abstracts are not stored in this database: the inverted indexes are 8.6 GB of the frame’s 9.3 GB of text, and the host has 13 GB free.
How this classification was reachedexpand
Full frame machine prediction
Teacher imitationNot calibrated prevalence, not ground truth. Human validation pending. The Gemma side is a direct model label for every work in the frame, read from the title-only record. The Codex side is a classifier learned from the 10,348 direct Codex labels and calibrated to design-weighted sample rates; fields without enough sample support carry no Codex call. Candidate is the union of the two sides; consensus is their intersection. These outputs are machine_predicted_unvalidated and are not human labels.
Distilled classifier scores by category (both heads)
| Category | Codex | Gemma |
|---|---|---|
| Metaresearch | 0.000 | 0.001 |
| Meta-epidemiology (narrow) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (broad) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Bibliometrics | 0.001 | 0.002 |
| Science and technology studies | 0.003 | 0.004 |
| Scholarly communication | 0.005 | 0.003 |
| Open science | 0.000 | 0.002 |
| Research integrity | 0.002 | 0.002 |
| Insufficient payload (model declined to judge) | 0.016 | 0.004 |
Machine scores (provisional)
The two teacher heads of the student model, read on this work. A score orders the frame for review; it never asserts a category, and the validation status ships verbatim with every row.
Baseline scores from an immature model (maturity gate not passed, 7 training rounds). Scores rank; they never assert a category.
score_only:v0-immature-baseline · verbatim from the scoring run: score_only means the number may rank works, and no category label ships from itClassification
machine, unvalidatedMachine predicted; a candidate call from one source (direct Gemma or distilled Codex), not a consensus.
How this classification was reached, model by model and score by score, is at the end of the page under "How this classification was reached".