TEMPERATURE MEASUREMENT WITH LIQUID GLASS THERMOMETERS
Bibliographic record
Abstract
The article draws attention to the fact that the development of science and technology is always connected with progress in the field of measurements.Fundamental discoveries were made possible by precise measurements.The creation of metric systems and the improvement of measurements are attempts to create natural systems of units, the definition of which occurs through fundamental physical constants -measurement standards and laws of nature.Changes to the International System of Units (SI) adopted by the 26 th General Conference on Weights and Measures (CGPM) in November 2018 highlighted the benefits of new definitions of base units.The definition of Kelvin through the Boltzmann constant, according to scientists, will contribute to the development of thermometry and thermodynamics in general.Today, in many industries, the use of temperatures is an integral part of the technological process, and product quality is largely determined by the reliability of the results of temperature measurements.The article provides the methodological basis of temperature measurement with liquid glass thermometers and notes that due to a small deviation of the coefficient of apparent expansion of mercury in glass when the temperature changes, they have an almost uniform scale.It is also emphasized on the extraordinary variety of research objects, temperature conditions in these objects, the difference in requirements for the range and accuracy of temperature measurements, which makes it possible to create universal methods and instruments for temperature measurement.The complexity and variety of conditions in which measurements are made often makes the solution of the latter so difficult that it becomes the subject of special, widely focused research.The development of a modern scientific experiment in the research of complex technological processes № 7(35) 2024 532 depends on the timely and high-quality collection of measurement information, on the required level and advanced development of measuring instruments, including temperature ones.
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How this classification was reachedexpand
Full frame machine prediction
Teacher imitationNot calibrated prevalence, not ground truth. Human validation pending. The Gemma side is a direct model label for every work in the frame, read from the title-only record. The Codex side is a classifier learned from the 10,348 direct Codex labels and calibrated to design-weighted sample rates; fields without enough sample support carry no Codex call. Candidate is the union of the two sides; consensus is their intersection. These outputs are machine_predicted_unvalidated and are not human labels.
Distilled classifier scores by category (both heads)
| Category | Codex | Gemma |
|---|---|---|
| Metaresearch | 0.001 | 0.004 |
| Meta-epidemiology (narrow) | 0.001 | 0.001 |
| Meta-epidemiology (broad) | 0.001 | 0.001 |
| Bibliometrics | 0.002 | 0.002 |
| Science and technology studies | 0.001 | 0.001 |
| Scholarly communication | 0.002 | 0.003 |
| Open science | 0.002 | 0.002 |
| Research integrity | 0.002 | 0.002 |
| Insufficient payload (model declined to judge) | 0.004 | 0.004 |
Machine scores (provisional)
The two teacher heads of the student model, read on this work. A score orders the frame for review; it never asserts a category, and the validation status ships verbatim with every row.
Baseline scores from an immature model (maturity gate not passed, 7 training rounds). Scores rank; they never assert a category.
score_only:v0-immature-baseline · verbatim from the scoring run: score_only means the number may rank works, and no category label ships from itClassification
machine, unvalidatedMachine predicted; a candidate call from one source (direct Gemma or distilled Codex), not a consensus.
How this classification was reached, model by model and score by score, is at the end of the page under "How this classification was reached".