Highly Isolated Wireless Power Transfer and Information Co-Delivery Using a Pacemaker Duplex Antenna
Bibliographic record
Abstract
This article details developing and verifying a radio frequency (RF) system capable of simultaneously delivering wireless power and information using a leadless pacemaker duplex antenna. The setup comprises a wireless power transfer (WPT) transmitter (Tx), a rectifier, and a duplex antenna. The proposed implantable duplex antenna operates at 915 (when Port-1 is active) and 1300 MHz (when Port-2 is active), enabling simultaneous information delivery at 915 MHz and WPT at 1300 MHz. The implantable antenna operates in the human heart, occupies a small volume of$\pi \times 4.48{^{{2}}} \times 0.13=8.19$mm3, and maintains a high isolation level of 34.6 dB. To ensure a high level of isolation between the two radiators of the duplex antenna, a series of vias between the radiators and rectangular slots on the ground plane are used. To maintain a compact volume (8.19 mm3), shorting pins and capacitive arc slots along with a high dielectric substrate are incorporated. In addition, an efficient implantable rectifier is simulated, measured, and integrated with Port-2 of the duplex antenna at 1300 MHz. The designed rectifier has an RF-to-direct current (dc) efficiency of 78.3% at 2-dBm input power. Moreover, a slotted-patch antenna is created to serve as the pacemaker’s WPT Tx, maintaining a power transfer efficiency (PTE) of 2.2%. Using two-layered matching materials, the overall PTE of the complete system is found to be 1.72% at 2-dBm input power. Measurements involve embedding the leadless pacemaker device inside minced pork meat, with the measured results closely matching the simulated results. This RF system’s design provides a compact size, high-gain implantable antenna, high-efficiency rectifier design, simultaneous wireless powering and information delivery, and high overall PTE, making it suitable for leadless pacemakers.
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How this classification was reachedexpand
Full frame machine prediction
Teacher imitationNot calibrated prevalence, not ground truth. Human validation pending. The Gemma side is a direct model label for every work in the frame, read from the title-only record. The Codex side is a classifier learned from the 10,348 direct Codex labels and calibrated to design-weighted sample rates; fields without enough sample support carry no Codex call. Candidate is the union of the two sides; consensus is their intersection. These outputs are machine_predicted_unvalidated and are not human labels.
Distilled classifier scores by category (both heads)
| Category | Codex | Gemma |
|---|---|---|
| Metaresearch | 0.001 | 0.001 |
| Meta-epidemiology (narrow) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (broad) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Bibliometrics | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Science and technology studies | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Scholarly communication | 0.001 | 0.001 |
| Open science | 0.001 | 0.001 |
| Research integrity | 0.001 | 0.000 |
| Insufficient payload (model declined to judge) | 0.002 | 0.001 |
Machine scores (provisional)
The two teacher heads of the student model, read on this work. A score orders the frame for review; it never asserts a category, and the validation status ships verbatim with every row.
Baseline scores from an immature model (maturity gate not passed, 7 training rounds). Scores rank; they never assert a category.
score_only:v0-immature-baseline · verbatim from the scoring run: score_only means the number may rank works, and no category label ships from itClassification
machine, unvalidatedMachine predicted; a candidate call from one source (direct Gemma or distilled Codex), not a consensus.
How this classification was reached, model by model and score by score, is at the end of the page under "How this classification was reached".