Effect of Incomes Policies on the Health Care Industrial Relations System in the USA
Bibliographic record
Abstract
This chapter reviews the major studies which have examined the impact of incomes policies and other cost control programmes on the health-care industrial relations system in the USA. The focus will be on the impact of incomes policies and other cost containment programmes on the collective bargaining process in the health-care sector. Related issues such as the influence of cost containment on levels of health-care employment, delivery systems, and quality of care will be briefly covered. In order to examine the impact of incomes policies on the collective bargaining process, an overview of the health-care industrial relations system is first presented. Second, incomes policies are reviewed. The third section examines government cost control programmes such as rate reimbursements to hospitals. The fourth section discusses the implications of incomes policies and cost control programmes for the health-care industrial relations system. The experience of Canada and the UK with cost controls and collective bargaining is presented in the fifth section. Long-run trends and areas in which further research on cost control health care sector efforts is needed are discussed in the last section.
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How this classification was reachedexpand
Full frame machine prediction
Teacher imitationNot calibrated prevalence, not ground truth. Human validation pending. The Gemma side is a direct model label for every work in the frame, read from the title-only record. The Codex side is a classifier learned from the 10,348 direct Codex labels and calibrated to design-weighted sample rates; fields without enough sample support carry no Codex call. Candidate is the union of the two sides; consensus is their intersection. These outputs are machine_predicted_unvalidated and are not human labels.
Distilled classifier scores by category (both heads)
| Category | Codex | Gemma |
|---|---|---|
| Metaresearch | 0.003 | 0.006 |
| Meta-epidemiology (narrow) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (broad) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Bibliometrics | 0.001 | 0.003 |
| Science and technology studies | 0.001 | 0.001 |
| Scholarly communication | 0.004 | 0.001 |
| Open science | 0.001 | 0.002 |
| Research integrity | 0.001 | 0.002 |
| Insufficient payload (model declined to judge) | 0.005 | 0.000 |
Machine scores (provisional)
The two teacher heads of the student model, read on this work. A score orders the frame for review; it never asserts a category, and the validation status ships verbatim with every row.
Baseline scores from an immature model (maturity gate not passed, 7 training rounds). Scores rank; they never assert a category.
score_only:v0-immature-baseline · verbatim from the scoring run: score_only means the number may rank works, and no category label ships from itClassification
machine, unvalidatedMachine predicted; a candidate call from one source (direct Gemma or distilled Codex), not a consensus.
How this classification was reached, model by model and score by score, is at the end of the page under "How this classification was reached".