5G Service Function Chain Provisioning: A Deep Reinforcement Learning-Based Framework
Bibliographic record
Abstract
We study the dynamic joint service function chain (SFC) embedding problem in a network function virtualization (NFV)-enabled edge cloud network. Our design goal is to optimize the network throughput by maximizing the average number of SFCs successfully embedded into the network, i.e., the Grade of Service (GoS), while guaranteeing their individual stringent end-to-end delay and resource constraints over a time horizon. To this end, we proposed a deep reinforcement learning (DRL)-based framework for jointly performing VNF embedding and routing tasks for the arrival SFCs in the considered NFV-enabled network. We implemented two versions of the proposed framework, one with the Deep Q-learning (DQL) method and one with the Advantage Actor-Critic (A2C) as the core algorithms, respectively. Moreover, for training these DRL algorithms and demonstrating the performance of the proposed framework, we implement a network environment based on the real-world network topology and a service request generator for generating SFCs traffic. Numerical results show that the DQL and A2C versions of the proposed framework achieve over 95% of the average GoS and over 95% of the network throughput ratio compared to the upper bound. This performance level is comparable to that of the near-optimal optimization-based approach while having ten times shorter execution times.
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How this classification was reachedexpand
Full frame machine prediction
Teacher imitationNot calibrated prevalence, not ground truth. Human validation pending. The Gemma side is a direct model label for every work in the frame, read from the title-only record. The Codex side is a classifier learned from the 10,348 direct Codex labels and calibrated to design-weighted sample rates; fields without enough sample support carry no Codex call. Candidate is the union of the two sides; consensus is their intersection. These outputs are machine_predicted_unvalidated and are not human labels.
Distilled classifier scores by category (both heads)
| Category | Codex | Gemma |
|---|---|---|
| Metaresearch | 0.001 | 0.002 |
| Meta-epidemiology (narrow) | 0.001 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (broad) | 0.001 | 0.000 |
| Bibliometrics | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Science and technology studies | 0.000 | 0.001 |
| Scholarly communication | 0.001 | 0.001 |
| Open science | 0.001 | 0.001 |
| Research integrity | 0.001 | 0.001 |
| Insufficient payload (model declined to judge) | 0.002 | 0.000 |
Machine scores (provisional)
The two teacher heads of the student model, read on this work. A score orders the frame for review; it never asserts a category, and the validation status ships verbatim with every row.
Baseline scores from an immature model (maturity gate not passed, 7 training rounds). Scores rank; they never assert a category.
score_only:v0-immature-baseline · verbatim from the scoring run: score_only means the number may rank works, and no category label ships from itClassification
machine, unvalidatedMachine predicted; a candidate call from one source (direct Gemma or distilled Codex), not a consensus.
How this classification was reached, model by model and score by score, is at the end of the page under "How this classification was reached".