Sustainable Osmotic-Driven Clean Water Recovery through Thermoresponsive Polymer Hydrogels with a Selective Polyamide Coating
Bibliographic record
Abstract
This study introduces a water treatment system utilizing a poly( N -isopropylacrylamide) PNIPAM hydrogel as a support material, coated with a polyamide (PA) selective layer, for water treatment and sample concentration applications. The thermoresponsive nature of the PNIPAM hydrogel enables efficient water recovery through heat-induced deswelling, with a consistent performance observed over multiple swelling/deswelling cycles. The resistance of the PA coating to multiple cycles of swelling and deswelling is explored, revealing that the PA films composed of 0.4 wt % trimesoyl chloride (TMC) retained their rejection performance even after repeated heat-induced deswelling, an essential feature for long-term usability. The selectivity of the optimized PA/1-0.4 sample (composed of 1 wt % MPD and 0.4 wt % TMC) is evaluated against various aqueous salts, demonstrating the effective rejection of both divalent and monovalent ions. This development enhances the sustainability of water treatment and sample concentration processes, holding great promise for a range of environmental and analytical applications.
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How this classification was reachedexpand
Full frame distilled prediction
Teacher imitationNot calibrated prevalence, not ground truth. Human validation pending. Learned from the 10,348 direct Codex labels and 10,348 direct Gemma labels. Candidate is the union of thresholded teacher heads; consensus is their intersection. These outputs are machine_predicted_unvalidated and are not human labels or direct frontier model labels.
Codex and Gemma teacher scores by category
| Category | Codex | Gemma |
|---|---|---|
| Metaresearch | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (narrow) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (broad) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Bibliometrics | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Science and technology studies | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Scholarly communication | 0.000 | 0.001 |
| Open science | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Research integrity | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Insufficient payload (model declined to judge) | 0.004 | 0.002 |
Machine scores (provisional)
The two teacher heads of the student model, read on this work. A score orders the frame for review; it never asserts a category, and the validation status ships verbatim with every row.
Baseline scores from an immature model (maturity gate not passed, 7 training rounds). Scores rank; they never assert a category.
score_only:v0-immature-baseline · verbatim from the scoring run: score_only means the number may rank works, and no category label ships from itClassification
machine, unvalidatedMachine predicted; both teacher heads agree on what is shown here.
How this classification was reached, model by model and score by score, is at the end of the page under "How this classification was reached".