Microwave Investigation of DMSO‐Doped PEDOT:PSS Patch Resonators Under Varying Relative Humidity
Bibliographic record
Abstract
Abstract Poly(3,4‐ethylenedioxythiophene):poly(styrenesulfonate) (PEDOT:PSS) is a conductive polymer widely used in various microwave sensing components. Enhancing the efficiency of PEDOT:PSS‐based microwave structures relies on improving the polymer's conductivity, achievable by adding secondary solvents such as dimethyl sulfoxide (DMSO), which significantly boosts the electrical conductivity. However, the performance of DMSO‐doped PEDOT:PSS films in microwave regime requires investigations. Herein, patch resonators are fabricated using solution processing of aqueous dispersion of PEDOT:PSS doped with varying concentrations of DMSO from 0 to 8 wt.% to investigate their microwave behavior within the frequency range of 4.5–6.5 GHz. The PEDOT:PSS patch structures are implemented on a glass substrate and their resonant characteristics, including resonant frequency and amplitude, are studied in response to varying relative humidity (RH) levels ranging from 0% to 70%. The significant variations in the microwave responses are observed at the resonant amplitude, confirming the main impact of humidity on the conductivity of the films. According to the measured results, the 2 wt.% doped patch shows greater sensitivity to the changes to the RH in contrast to the 8 wt.% doped patches, where the response shows less sensitivity to the humidity variation. The results indicate that a lower percentage of DMSO enhances sensitivity to the humidity at the cost of increased electromagnetic loss in the resonant patch structures for humidity sensing applications.
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How this classification was reachedexpand
Full frame machine prediction
Teacher imitationNot calibrated prevalence, not ground truth. Human validation pending. The Gemma side is a direct model label for every work in the frame, read from the title-only record. The Codex side is a classifier learned from the 10,348 direct Codex labels and calibrated to design-weighted sample rates; fields without enough sample support carry no Codex call. Candidate is the union of the two sides; consensus is their intersection. These outputs are machine_predicted_unvalidated and are not human labels.
Distilled classifier scores by category (both heads)
| Category | Codex | Gemma |
|---|---|---|
| Metaresearch | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (narrow) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (broad) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Bibliometrics | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Science and technology studies | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Scholarly communication | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Open science | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Research integrity | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Insufficient payload (model declined to judge) | 0.001 | 0.000 |
Machine scores (provisional)
The two teacher heads of the student model, read on this work. A score orders the frame for review; it never asserts a category, and the validation status ships verbatim with every row.
Baseline scores from an immature model (maturity gate not passed, 7 training rounds). Scores rank; they never assert a category.
score_only:v0-immature-baseline · verbatim from the scoring run: score_only means the number may rank works, and no category label ships from itClassification
machine, unvalidatedMachine predicted; a candidate call from one source (direct Gemma or distilled Codex), not a consensus.
How this classification was reached, model by model and score by score, is at the end of the page under "How this classification was reached".