Laboratory study of density-driven streamwise orientated vortices at a symmetric confluence
Bibliographic record
Abstract
Recent studies have shown small density gradients between a confluence’s tributaries (i.e. ∆ ρ = 0.5 kg/m 3 ) can greatly affect its secondary flow structure. In particular, streamwise orientated vortices (SOVs) at the Coaticook-Massawippi confluence (Quebec, Canada) were purported to be previously undocumented confined density-driven gravity currents. This flow structure develops when a near-bed front of the dense tributary and a near-surface front of the light tributary are confined by the tributaries that oppose them. However, neither the confined gravity current mechanism nor the resulting density SOVs have empirical support. A laboratory model of a symmetric confluence with a tunable density gradient was constructed for this purpose and persistent clockwise rotating density SOVs were confirmed in its mixing interface. The empirical density SOVs share many similarities to those observed and modeled at the Coaticook- Massawippi confluence, suggesting they are a universal and scale-independent secondary flow structure when certain hydrodynamic and density conditions align.
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How this classification was reachedexpand
Full frame machine prediction
Teacher imitationNot calibrated prevalence, not ground truth. Human validation pending. The Gemma side is a direct model label for every work in the frame, read from the title-only record. The Codex side is a classifier learned from the 10,348 direct Codex labels and calibrated to design-weighted sample rates; fields without enough sample support carry no Codex call. Candidate is the union of the two sides; consensus is their intersection. These outputs are machine_predicted_unvalidated and are not human labels.
Distilled classifier scores by category (both heads)
| Category | Codex | Gemma |
|---|---|---|
| Metaresearch | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (narrow) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (broad) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Bibliometrics | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Science and technology studies | 0.000 | 0.001 |
| Scholarly communication | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Open science | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Research integrity | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Insufficient payload (model declined to judge) | 0.001 | 0.000 |
Machine scores (provisional)
The two teacher heads of the student model, read on this work. A score orders the frame for review; it never asserts a category, and the validation status ships verbatim with every row.
Baseline scores from an immature model (maturity gate not passed, 7 training rounds). Scores rank; they never assert a category.
score_only:v0-immature-baseline · verbatim from the scoring run: score_only means the number may rank works, and no category label ships from itClassification
machine, unvalidatedMachine predicted; a candidate call from one source (direct Gemma or distilled Codex), not a consensus.
How this classification was reached, model by model and score by score, is at the end of the page under "How this classification was reached".