Al2O3-MnS Inclusions and Pitting Corrosion in the Weld Heat-Affected Zone
Bibliographic record
Abstract
Manganese sulfide inclusions have been identified as a key factor contributing to the degradation of pitting corrosion resistance in both carbon and stainless steels. However, the precise reasons behind the differential reactivity of various sulfides, with some serving as active sites for pitting while others remain inactive, are not yet fully understood. The effect of debonding occurring at the interface between these inclusions and the steel matrix in relation to pitting corrosion has not been extensively investigated. In this study, an examination of a service-exposed pipeline girth weld was conducted. Immersion testing in blowdown water and multiscale characterization techniques investigated the inclusion-matrix interface debonding within the heat-affected zone. Our findings suggest that interfacial debonding is more likely at the Al2O3- MnS cluster interface. This observation offers a rationale for the selective reactivity of sulfides that form clusters with oxides, highlighting the likelihood that only sulfides clustering with oxides act as active pitting initiation sites.
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How this classification was reachedexpand
Full frame machine prediction
Teacher imitationNot calibrated prevalence, not ground truth. Human validation pending. The Gemma side is a direct model label for every work in the frame, read from the title-only record. The Codex side is a classifier learned from the 10,348 direct Codex labels and calibrated to design-weighted sample rates; fields without enough sample support carry no Codex call. Candidate is the union of the two sides; consensus is their intersection. These outputs are machine_predicted_unvalidated and are not human labels.
Distilled classifier scores by category (both heads)
| Category | Codex | Gemma |
|---|---|---|
| Metaresearch | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (narrow) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (broad) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Bibliometrics | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Science and technology studies | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Scholarly communication | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Open science | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Research integrity | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Insufficient payload (model declined to judge) | 0.001 | 0.000 |
Machine scores (provisional)
The two teacher heads of the student model, read on this work. A score orders the frame for review; it never asserts a category, and the validation status ships verbatim with every row.
Baseline scores from an immature model (maturity gate not passed, 7 training rounds). Scores rank; they never assert a category.
score_only:v0-immature-baseline · verbatim from the scoring run: score_only means the number may rank works, and no category label ships from itClassification
machine, unvalidatedMachine predicted; a candidate call from one source (direct Gemma or distilled Codex), not a consensus.
How this classification was reached, model by model and score by score, is at the end of the page under "How this classification was reached".