CPR: A Confined Percolation Routing for Distributed Underwater Acoustic Networks
Bibliographic record
Abstract
A routing protocol is essential for multihop relay to deliver data and reduce energy consumption in underwater acoustic networks (UANs). However, the low connectivity and high transmission power requirement of underwater acoustic channels pose critical challenges to network connectivity and the lifetime. In this article, we present a confined percolation routing (CPR) protocol that enhances connectivity and energy efficiency in UANs by exploring multiple paths to meet reliability requirements and optimizing transmission power and retransmission counts to reduce energy consumption. The analysis models designed assess the impact of activated node combinations and link reliability on end-to-end (ETE) reliability and energy use. The proposed protocol has been tested in various scenarios, and the results show that the proposed protocol improved the average ETE reliability by 17%, 21%, 7%, 12%, and 44% compared with the benchmark GEDAR, EEGNBR, Dflooding, Multi-SPR, and LEACH protocols in a <inline-formula xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink"> <tex-math notation="LaTeX">$ {5} \times 5$ </tex-math></inline-formula> network, while consuming lower energy.
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How this classification was reachedexpand
Full frame distilled prediction
Teacher imitationNot calibrated prevalence, not ground truth. Human validation pending. Learned from the 10,348 direct Codex labels and 10,348 direct Gemma labels. Candidate is the union of thresholded teacher heads; consensus is their intersection. These outputs are machine_predicted_unvalidated and are not human labels or direct frontier model labels.
Codex and Gemma teacher scores by category
| Category | Codex | Gemma |
|---|---|---|
| Metaresearch | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (narrow) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (broad) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Bibliometrics | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Science and technology studies | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Scholarly communication | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Open science | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Research integrity | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Insufficient payload (model declined to judge) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
Machine scores (provisional)
The two teacher heads of the student model, read on this work. A score orders the frame for review; it never asserts a category, and the validation status ships verbatim with every row.
Baseline scores from an immature model (maturity gate not passed, 7 training rounds). Scores rank; they never assert a category.
score_only:v0-immature-baseline · verbatim from the scoring run: score_only means the number may rank works, and no category label ships from itClassification
machine, unvalidatedMachine predicted; a candidate call from one teacher head, not a consensus.
How this classification was reached, model by model and score by score, is at the end of the page under "How this classification was reached".