Internal Kelvin waves in a broad, mid-latitude fjord
Bibliographic record
Abstract
Broad embayment, such as some Fjords, can host the generation and propagation of internal Kelvin waves should the ratio of their stratification level to shelf-slope width be important. A number of high latitude fjords fall under that category and were recently investigated in relation to heat exchange with neighbouring shelf waters. Here, we report on such a process in a broad, mid-latitude, fjord where the upper-layer dynamics are dominated by sub-inertial baroclinic motions. This fjord is of particular interest due to recent development of the aquaculture industry and to being historical fishing grounds. Using a fully non-linear, three-dimensional primitive equation numerical model we show that the large majority of the thermocline vertical fluctuations (80%) and much of the along-shore currents (50%) can be reproduced with a flat-bottom assumption, i.e. the Kelvin wave assumption. We use the model to determine the origin of the process, which is expressed by upwelling and downwelling disturbances travelling cyclonically around the bay. We find that the wind generates local and remote, from a large and deep neighboring bay, responses which travel as forced and freely propagating long, coastally trapped, internal waves into and around the fjord. The resulting dynamics within the fjord can therefore be complex, particularly in the fall season during which nearly continuous and directionally variable winds occur. Under such forcing conditions and given the irregularity of the regional coastline, signals combine to form temporarily and spatially varying responses, enhancing or diminishing transient upwelling or downwelling and their associated along-shore current pulses.
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How this classification was reachedexpand
Full frame machine prediction
Teacher imitationNot calibrated prevalence, not ground truth. Human validation pending. The Gemma side is a direct model label for every work in the frame, read from the title-only record. The Codex side is a classifier learned from the 10,348 direct Codex labels and calibrated to design-weighted sample rates; fields without enough sample support carry no Codex call. Candidate is the union of the two sides; consensus is their intersection. These outputs are machine_predicted_unvalidated and are not human labels.
Distilled classifier scores by category (both heads)
| Category | Codex | Gemma |
|---|---|---|
| Metaresearch | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (narrow) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (broad) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Bibliometrics | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Science and technology studies | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Scholarly communication | 0.001 | 0.000 |
| Open science | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Research integrity | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Insufficient payload (model declined to judge) | 0.001 | 0.000 |
Machine scores (provisional)
The two teacher heads of the student model, read on this work. A score orders the frame for review; it never asserts a category, and the validation status ships verbatim with every row.
Baseline scores from an immature model (maturity gate not passed, 7 training rounds). Scores rank; they never assert a category.
score_only:v0-immature-baseline · verbatim from the scoring run: score_only means the number may rank works, and no category label ships from itClassification
machine, unvalidatedMachine predicted; a candidate call from one source (direct Gemma or distilled Codex), not a consensus.
How this classification was reached, model by model and score by score, is at the end of the page under "How this classification was reached".