Information and expertise in public policy
Bibliographic record
Abstract
The COVID-19 crisis has stimulated renewed interest in research on the relationship between science and policy. Even before the pandemic, research on policy advisory systems had flourished. Initially, research contributions on science–policy relations focused on the extent to which policy advice was provided inside or outside of government and under governmental control (Halligan, 1993), until trends toward politicization and externalization were identified (Craft & Howlett, 2017; Howlett & Migone, 2013; Hustedt & Veit, 2017; Veit et al., 2016). Furthermore, at a less structural-institutional and more actor-centered level, different types of policy advisors and roles that scientists can play in policy processes have been outlined (Jamie et al., 2022; Laage-Thomsen, 2022; McComas et al., 2005; Real-Dato, 2022). The increasing complexity of this research area warrants a systematic review of the state of the art. Hussain et al. (2024) who open this year's issue 5 of RPR, have responded to this need. They conducted a systematic quantitative bibliometric analysis of publications on policy advisory systems (PAS). Using performance analysis (importance of PAS articles and authors according to, e.g., citations), collaboration analysis (links between PAS authors and countries), and science mapping (co-citation and co-word networks), they provide a comprehensive analysis of PAS publications. Michael Howlett, Jonathan Craft, Andrea Migone, and Thurid Hustedt have been identified as the four most prolific authors for the development of the PAS literature, while the majority of authors contributing to the field have only one PAS publication. Craft and Howlett (2012) is the most cited article. Accordingly, Canada is the most relevant country for cross-national collaboration, followed by Australia. Finally, the science mapping revealed that the PAS literature is divided into two main clusters, one representing research on the dynamics of PAS and the other presenting research on policy advice and roles of policy analysts. Combining the dynamics of PAS with the actor-centered perspective on policy advice, Capano et al. (2024) present a new typology of scientific advisory committees (SAC), distinguishing between the origin of the SAC's members and the homogeneity of their expertise. In particular, they consider the motivations of policy makers to establish SACs and how they decide on their composition. This should depend, on the one hand, on their desire for controllability and serious consideration of policy advice versus low controllability with a potentially merely legitimizing logic, and, on the other hand, on how narrow or broad the problem is defined, which implies preferences for specific expertise or multidisciplinary expertise and may also reflect the perceived uncertainty of the problem. After identifying four different types of in-house/external homogenous/heterogenous expertise, the authors formulate expectations about the relationship between each type and the expected influence, consensus, operationality, and delivery of advice. An analysis of the COVID-19 SAC in the Italian regions sheds light on whether these expectations are empirically observed, thus contributing to the COVID-19 research on policy advice in Italy (Cairney & Toth, 2023; Casula & Malandrino, 2023; Hadorn et al., 2022). For each type, the expectations in terms of influence, consensus, and frequency of meetings are confirmed. SACs based on in-house expertise (as opposed to external expertise) are thus more influential and characterized by more frequent meetings, and homogeneity of SAC members is associated with higher consensus compared to heterogenous SACs. The third contribution in this issue by Chen and Zhang (2024) examines the role of experts in managing the early stages of the COVID crisis, from late December 2019 to mid-March 2020, under the specific conditions in China. It follows the latest applications of the theories of the policy process to authoritative settings (Hornung et al., 2022; Schlaufer et al., 2022; Uldanov et al., 2021; Vogeler et al., 2023; Yang & Yi, 2023) and especially of the multiple streams framework (MSF) to China (van den Dool, 2022). Chen and Zhang use a variety of different publicly available sources with an interpretative method. Under Chinese conditions, experts' main task is to act as a role model for the public. The experts are embedded in the Chinese policy-making system. They do not act as individual authorities, but are part of authoritative committees, whose collective competence for wicked problems is ascribed more than that of a single person. In this environment, experts can act as problem mediators in the problem stream, as policy advocates in the policy stream or as legitimacy enhancers in the politics stream. The article shows that the role of experts was not static during the crisis, but has changed. Particularly in the first phase, the role of the problem broker was important for the course of the crisis. Liu et al. (2024) continue the application of established theories of the policy process to China. They extend the institutional collective action (ICA) framework (Feiock, 2013; Kim et al., 2022) that deals with problems of collective action in fragmented governance and focuses on the risk of cooperation. Liu, Yin, and Yi use the example of targeted poverty reduction in China to explore the vertical ICA dilemma. They analyze how cooperation mechanisms are motivated to eliminate information asymmetries within hierarchical bureaucratic structures. The study uses data obtained from fieldwork in four Chinese provinces including 34 interviews with people at five administrative levels of government 2018–2021. It is shown that the hierarchical structure of government in China hinders information sharing, causing distrust between central and local governments. To address this, a mix of solutions, including informal networks and intergovernmental contracts, is used. The study also highlights how varying levels of local government autonomy impact the costs and methods of collaboration, with more autonomous local governments facing higher cost mechanisms imposed by the central government. Shifting the focus to the acquirement of information in science and technology policy, Lewallen (2023) contributes to this issue by empirically investigating the claim that policy makers' request for information also fulfills a symbolic purpose. Building on Feldman and March (1981), the paper argues that policy makers' demand for information is not only intended to support problem solving but also to signal within and outside their organization that they are someone worth informing. For the empirical investigation, Lewallen zooms in on who in the US Congress requested reports by the Office of Technology Assessment (OTA) on which issue from 1972 to 1995. Out of 725 reports issued in this period, about 20 percent were focused on topics related to health research, science and technology, and environmental and energy issues. This concentrated information was requested by a handful of committees, that is, five panels requesting two-thirds of all reports, which indicates an unequal distribution of expertise and analytical capacity. Following a measurement of Senate and House committees' prestige, the study provides support for the hypothesis that, especially in the senate, less desirable committees such as Energy and Commerce were more likely to request OTA reports, thus supporting the idea that information (over)request is related to pursuing reputation increase. Shao and Ieong (2024) close this issue with a study on the influence of expert opinion and vocational affiliation on citizens' policy attitudes in China. The authors conducted a survey experiment in which respondents were randomly assigned to seven groups that were presented the same supportive and opposing statements on genetically modified (GM) food. In the second step, six of these groups received a treatment in which the statements were attributed to alleged experts from different vocational affiliations, that is, the government, a national research institute or a foreign institution. The results of over 1600 qualified responses indicate that across education levels, positive expert statements are likely to increase citizens' support toward GM food while critical expert opinions do not show an effect. The influence of experts' endorsement was stronger for people who indicated higher trust in the government. Moreover, this effect was highest for statements by foreign experts, although not significantly different from experts with Chinese state or non-state affiliations. These results contribute to the understanding of public opinion and its response to expertise on debated, uncertain issues in an authoritarian political context (see also e.g., Shen et al., 2021; Wang, 2015; Yang, 2020). Nils C. Bandelow1, Johanna Hornung2, Ilana Schröder1 1Institute of Comparative Politics and Public Policy (CoPPP), Technische Universität Braunschweig, Germany 2KPM Center for Public Management, University of Bern, Switzerland 新冠肺炎危机重新激发了对“科学与政策之间的关系”的研究兴趣。早在大流行爆发之前,关于政策咨询系统的研究就已经蓬勃发展。最初,科学-政策关系的研究聚焦于政策建议是在政府内部还是外部以及在政府控制下的提供程度 (Halligan, 1993),直到学者发现了政治化和外部化的趋势 (Craft & Howlett, 2017; Howlett & Migone, 2013; Hustedt & Veit, 2017; Veit et al., 2016)。此外,在更少的结构-制度、更多以行动者为中心的层面上,已经概述了科学家在政策过程中能扮演的不同类型的政策顾问和角色 (Jamie et al., 2022; Laage-Thomsen, 2022; McComas et al., 2005; Real-Dato, 2022)。 该研究领域的日益复杂性要求对最新进展进行系统性综述。今年《政策研究述评》(RPR)第5期内容的作者Hussain et al. (2024)回应了这一需求。他们对政策咨询系统(PAS)的出版文章进行了系统性定量文献计量分析。他们使用绩效分析(根据引用量等指标确定PAS文章和作者的重要性)、协作分析(PAS作者与国家之间的联系)和科学映射(共同引用和共同词网络),对PAS出版物进行了全面分析。Michael Howlett、Jonathan Craft、Andrea Migone和Thurid Hustedt被确定为PAS文献发展中最多产的四位作者,而对该领域作出贡献的大多数作者只有一篇PAS出版物。Craft and Howlett (2012)是被引用次数最多的文章。因此,加拿大是跨国合作最相关的国家,其次是澳大利亚。最后,科学映射显示,PAS文献分为两个主要类别,一个代表对PAS动态的研究,另一个代表对政策建议和政策分析师角色的研究。 Capano et al. (2024)将 PAS的动态与以行动者为中心的政策建议视角相结合,提出了一种新的科学咨询委员会(SAC) 类型,区分了SAC成员的来源和其专业知识的同质性。特别地,他们考虑了决策者建立SAC的动机以及他们如何决定SAC的组成部分。一方面,这应该取决于他们对可控性的渴望和对政策建议的认真考虑,而不是对“可能仅出于合法化逻辑”的低可控性,另一方面,这取决于问题的定义有多窄或多广,这意味着对特定专业知识或多学科专业知识的偏好,也可能反映出对问题的感知不确定性。在确定了四种不同类型的内部/外部同质/异质专业知识后,作者制定了对“每种类型与预期影响、共识、可操作性和建议交付之间的关系”的期望。对意大利不同地区新冠肺炎SAC的分析揭示了这些预期是否得到了实证观察,从而对意大利新冠肺炎政策建议研究作贡献 (Cairney & Toth, 2023; Casula & Malandrino, 2023; Hadorn et al., 2022)。对于每种类型,都确认了影响力、共识和会议频率方面的期望。因此,基于内部专业知识(而不是外部专业知识)的SAC更具影响力,并且其会议更频繁,与异质SAC相比,SAC成员的同质性与更高的共识相关。 本期收录的第三篇论文由Chen and Zhang (2024)撰写,文章分析了中国特定条件下的专家在应对新冠肺炎危机早期阶段(从2019年12月下旬到2020年3月中旬)一事中的作用。与一系列将政策过程理论应用于威权背景的最新研究 (Hornung et al., 2022; Schlaufer et al., 2022; Uldanov et al., 2021; Vogeler et al., 2023; Yang & Yi, 2023)一样,尤其是将多源流框架(MSF)应用于中国(van den Dool, 2022),文章继续了这一趋势。Chen和Zhang通过诠释性方法,对不同的公开来源进行了使用。在中国条件下,专家的主要任务是为公众树立榜样。专家是中国政策制定系统中不可或缺的一部分。他们不是作为个人权威,而是威权委员会的一部分,这些委员会在解决棘手问题方面的集体能力比个人能力更强。在这种环境下,专家能在问题流中充当问题调解人,在政策流中充当政策倡导者,在政治流中充当合法性增强者。文章表明,专家在危机期间的作用并非一成不变,而是发生了变化。特别是在第一阶段,问题经纪人的作用对于危机的进程至关重要。 与上一篇文章一样,Liu et al. (2024)将著名的政策过程理论应用于中国。他们扩展了制度集体行动(ICA)框架 (Feiock, 2013; Kim et al., 2022),该框架应对分散治理中的集体行动问题,并关注合作风险。Liu、Yin和Yi以中国精准扶贫为例,探究了垂直的ICA困境。他们分析了合作机制如何消除等级官僚结构中的信息不对称。研究使用了2018–2021年在中国四个省份的实地工作数据,包括对来自五个政府行政级别的人员的34次访谈。结果表明,中国政府的等级结构阻碍了信息共享,导致中央和地方政府之间的不信任。为应对该问题,采用了包括非正式网络和政府间合同在内的多种解决方案。研究还强调了不同程度的地方政府自治权如何影响合作成本和方式,其中,自治权更高的地方政府面临中央政府施加的更高成本机制。 将焦点转移到科学技术政策中的信息获取,Lewallen (2023)通过实证研究“决策者对信息的请求也具有象征意义”这一说法,为本期内容作贡献。基于Feldman and March (1981)的研究,文章认为,决策者对信息的需求不仅是为了支持问题解决,也是为了向组织内部和外部表明他们是值得告知的人。在实证调查中,Lewallen重点关注了1972年至1995年间美国国会中谁要求技术评估办公室(OTA)就哪些问题提交报告。在此期间发布的725份报告中,约20%的报告聚焦于与“健康研究、科学技术、环境和能源问题”相关的主题。这些集中的信息是由少数几个委员会提出的(即五个小组要求提供所有报告的三分之二),这表明专业知识和分析能力的分配不均。通过对参议院和众议院委员会的声望进行衡量,该研究支持了以下假设:尤其是在参议院,能源和商务等不太受欢迎的委员会更有可能要求提供OTA报告,从而支持了一个观点,即信息(过度)请求与“追求声誉提高”相关。 最后一篇文章由Shao and Ieong (2024)撰写,文章研究了专家意见和职业隶属单位对中国公民的政策态度的影响。作者进行了一项调查实验,将受访者随机分为七组,向他们展示支持和反对转基因食品的相同言论。随后,其中六组接受了另一种干预,即了解到这些言论来自不同职业隶属单位(即政府、国家研究机构或外国机构)的所谓专家。超过1600份合格回复的结果表明,无论教育水平如何,积极的专家言论都可能增加公民对转基因食品的支持,而批评性的专家意见则没有显示出任何影响。对于表示对政府信任程度较高的人,专家背书的影响更大。此外,外国专家言论产生的影响最高,尽管他们的言论与具有中国国家或非国家隶属关系的专家言论没有显著差异。这些结果有助于理解威权政治情境下的舆论及其对“不确定的争议性问题的专业知识”的响应(see also e.g., Shen et al., 2021; Wang, 2015; Yang, 2020)。 Nils C. Bandelow1, Johanna Hornung2, Ilana Schröder1 1Institute of Comparative Politics and Public Policy (CoPPP), Technische Universität Braunschweig, Alemania 2KPM Center for Public Management, University of Bern, Suiza La crisis de la COVID-19 ha estimulado un renovado interés en la investigación sobre la relación entre ciencia y política. Incluso antes de la pandemia, la investigación sobre los sistemas de asesoramiento en materia de políticas había florecido. Inicialmente, las contribuciones de la investigación sobre las relaciones entre ciencia y política se centraron en el grado en que el asesoramiento en materia de políticas se proporcionaba dentro o fuera del gobierno y bajo el control gubernamental (Halligan, 1993), hasta que se identificaron tendencias hacia la politización y la externalización (Craft & Howlett, 2017; Howlett & Migone, 2013; Hustedt & Veit, 2017; Veit et al., 2016). Además, a un nivel menos estructural-institucional y más centrado en los actores, se han esbozado diferentes tipos de asesores de políticas y roles que los científicos pueden desempeñar en los procesos de formulación de políticas (Jamie et al., 2022; Laage-Thomsen, 2022; McComas et al., 2005; Real-Dato, 2022). La creciente complejidad de esta área de investigación justifica una revisión sistemática del estado del arte. Hussain et al. (2024), quienes abren el número 5 de este año de RPR, han respondido a esta necesidad. Realizaron un análisis bibliométrico cuantitativo sistemático de publicaciones sobre sistemas de asesoramiento de políticas (PAS). Mediante el análisis del desempeño (importancia de los artículos y autores de PAS según, por ejemplo, las citas), el análisis de la colaboración (vínculos entre autores de PAS y países) y el mapeo científico (redes de cocitación y co-palabras), brindan un análisis integral de las publicaciones de PAS. Michael Howlett, Jonathan Craft, Andrea Migone y Thurid Hustedt han sido identificados como los cuatro autores más prolíficos para el desarrollo de la literatura de PAS, mientras que la mayoría de los autores que contribuyen al campo solo tienen una publicación de PAS. Craft and Howlett (2012) es el artículo más citado. En consecuencia, Canadá es el país más relevante para la colaboración transnacional, seguido de Australia. Finalmente, el mapeo científico reveló que la literatura sobre PAS está dividida en dos grupos principales, uno que representa la investigación sobre la dinámica del PAS y el otro que presenta la investigación sobre el asesoramiento sobre políticas y los roles de los analistas de políticas. Combinando la dinámica de los comités asesores científicos con la perspectiva centrada en el actor sobre el asesoramiento en materia de políticas, Capano et al. (2024) presentan una nueva tipología de comités asesores científicos (CAC), entre el de los de los y la de En particular, las de los de las políticas para los y por un de de y del asesoramiento en materia de políticas a la con una por otro de o se el que por o y la del de cuatro tipos diferentes de los autores sobre la relación entre y la el la y la de asesoramiento análisis de los SAC de la COVID-19 en las sobre se que a la investigación sobre el asesoramiento en materia de políticas en en relación con la COVID-19 (Cairney & Toth, 2023; Casula & Malandrino, 2023; Hadorn et al., 2022). se las en de y de las los SAC en la de la más y se por más y la de los de los SAC se con un en con los SAC La de este de Chen and Zhang (2024), el de los en la de las de la crisis de la de de 2019 hasta de de 2020, en las de China. las de las del de políticas a de (Hornung et al., 2022; Schlaufer et al., 2022; Uldanov et al., 2021; Vogeler et al., 2023; Yang & Yi, 2023) del de por en a China (van den Dool, 2022). Chen y Zhang una de con un En las la de los es como a para el en el de formulación de políticas. como que de comités para se más que la de una En este los pueden como en la de como de políticas en la de políticas o como de la en la política. artículo que el de los la crisis, que ha En particular, en la el del de para el de la crisis. Liu et al. (2024) con la de del de políticas a China. el de la (ICA) (Feiock, 2013; Kim et al., 2022) que los de la en la y se en el de la Liu, y Yi el de la de la en China para el de la ICA se los de para las de dentro de las del de campo en cuatro 34 con en de gobierno entre 2018–2021. que la del gobierno en China el de que entre los central y se una de las y los los diferentes de del gobierno local los y de y los más de por el gobierno Lewallen (2023) en la de en materia de políticas y y a esta la de que la de de los de las políticas un en Feldman and March (1981), el artículo que la de de los de las políticas solo como la de dentro y fuera de que a la la investigación Lewallen se en en el de los a la de (OTA) sobre entre 1972 y 1995. los 725 en este del 20 por se centraron en con la investigación en la ciencia y la y y por un de es que dos de los que una de la y la una del de los comités del y la de el la de en el los comités menos como y más a de la que la idea de que la de está con la de la Shao and Ieong (2024) este con un sobre la de la de los y la en las políticas de los en China. autores a un de en el que los a grupos a los que se las de y de sobre los En el de grupos un en el que las se a de diferentes es el un de investigación o una de más de 1600 en los es que las de los el de los hacia los mientras que las de los un La del de los más para las que una en el Además, este para las de de los con o contribuyen a la de la y a la sobre en un por ejemplo, Shen et al., 2021; Wang, 2015; Yang, 2020).
Fetched live from OpenAlex and de-inverted. Abstracts are not stored in this database: the inverted indexes are 8.6 GB of the frame’s 9.3 GB of text, and the host has 13 GB free.
How this classification was reachedexpand
Full frame distilled prediction
Teacher imitationNot calibrated prevalence, not ground truth. Human validation pending. Learned from the 10,348 direct Codex labels and 10,348 direct Gemma labels. Candidate is the union of thresholded teacher heads; consensus is their intersection. These outputs are machine_predicted_unvalidated and are not human labels or direct frontier model labels.
Codex and Gemma teacher scores by category
| Category | Codex | Gemma |
|---|---|---|
| Metaresearch | 0.005 | 0.004 |
| Meta-epidemiology (narrow) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (broad) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Bibliometrics | 0.001 | 0.003 |
| Science and technology studies | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Scholarly communication | 0.000 | 0.001 |
| Open science | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Research integrity | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Insufficient payload (model declined to judge) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
Machine scores (provisional)
The two teacher heads of the student model, read on this work. A score orders the frame for review; it never asserts a category, and the validation status ships verbatim with every row.
Baseline scores from an immature model (maturity gate not passed, 7 training rounds). Scores rank; they never assert a category.
score_only:v0-immature-baseline · verbatim from the scoring run: score_only means the number may rank works, and no category label ships from itClassification
machine, unvalidatedMachine predicted; a candidate call from one teacher head, not a consensus.
How this classification was reached, model by model and score by score, is at the end of the page under "How this classification was reached".