Revealing Permafrost Continuity Across a Northern Watershed With Airborne Electromagnetics
Bibliographic record
Abstract
<title>Abstract</title> Accelerated permafrost thawing in warming northern climates may alter groundwater-surface water dynamics, thereby impacting hydrologic and ecologic functions, and the potential release of stored carbon species as greenhouse gases. Such rapid changes to the hydrologic system will present unique challenges for many northern communities including changes in land surface features, water fluxes and quality, and wildlife habitat. Here, we present the results of an airborne frequency-domain electromagnetic survey conducted over a discontinuous permafrost region within the Central Mackenzie Valley in Northwest Territories, Canada. Electrical resistivity measurements within the upper 100 metres were gathered across a geologically complex environment where permafrost variability is hypothesized to be impacting the groundwater-surface water system. A comparison of permafrost observations from boreholes with resistivity measurements allowed delineation of frozen conditions in shallow surficial sediments and underlying bedrock. Observed vertical and lateral variability in permafrost extent around lakes and streams indicates direct connectivity between surface water, overburden, and bedrock stratigraphic units. Conversely, extensive permafrost along and below the expansive Mackenzie River reveal relatively continuous permafrost occurrence limiting interaction with deeper groundwater. High-resolution investigations of permafrost dynamics will be critical in understanding the effects of its rapid degradation due to warming climatic conditions within northern landscapes.
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How this classification was reachedexpand
Full frame distilled prediction
Teacher imitationNot calibrated prevalence, not ground truth. Human validation pending. Learned from the 10,348 direct Codex labels and 10,348 direct Gemma labels. Candidate is the union of thresholded teacher heads; consensus is their intersection. These outputs are machine_predicted_unvalidated and are not human labels or direct frontier model labels.
Codex and Gemma teacher scores by category
| Category | Codex | Gemma |
|---|---|---|
| Metaresearch | 0.003 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (narrow) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (broad) | 0.001 | 0.000 |
| Bibliometrics | 0.000 | 0.001 |
| Science and technology studies | 0.000 | 0.001 |
| Scholarly communication | 0.001 | 0.000 |
| Open science | 0.001 | 0.000 |
| Research integrity | 0.000 | 0.005 |
| Insufficient payload (model declined to judge) | 0.001 | 0.001 |
Machine scores (provisional)
The two teacher heads of the student model, read on this work. A score orders the frame for review; it never asserts a category, and the validation status ships verbatim with every row.
Baseline scores from an immature model (maturity gate not passed, 7 training rounds). Scores rank; they never assert a category.
score_only:v0-immature-baseline · verbatim from the scoring run: score_only means the number may rank works, and no category label ships from itClassification
machine, unvalidatedMachine predicted; a candidate call from one teacher head, not a consensus.
How this classification was reached, model by model and score by score, is at the end of the page under "How this classification was reached".