Acute and Reversible Hypothalamic Symptoms in a Lateral Head Impact Mouse Model of Mild Traumatic Brain Injury
Bibliographic record
Abstract
Central autonomic and endocrine dysfunctions following traumatic brain injury (TBI) are believed to involve the hypothalamus; however, underlying mechanisms are unknown. Although chronic deficits might be caused by irreversible tissue damage, various neuroendocrine and autonomic symptoms are only observed transiently, suggesting they might result from a temporary alteration in the activity of hypothalamic neurons. We therefore examined if a mouse model of mild TBI could induce reversible autonomic phenotypes and cause acute changes in c-Fos expression within corresponding regions of the hypothalamus. Adult C57Bl/6 male mice were lightly anesthetized with isoflurane and subjected to TBI by lateral head impact using a Gothenburg impactor. Mice treated the same way, but without the head impact served as controls (shams). We monitored body weight and core body temperature by infrared thermography and performed immunohistochemistry against c-Fos in various regions of the hypothalamus. We determined that a projectile velocity of 9 m/s significantly delayed recovery from the anesthesia without inducing skull fractures and signs of discomfort disappeared within 3 h, as assessed by grimace scale. Compared with shams, TBI mice displayed a rapid decrease in core body temperature which resolved within 48 h. Daily body weight gain was also significantly lower in TBI mice on the day following injury but recovered thereafter. c-Fos analysis revealed a significantly higher density of c-Fos-positive cells in the paraventricular nucleus and a significantly lower density in the median preoptic nucleus and medial preoptic area. We conclude that mild TBI induced by a single lateral head impact in mice at 9 m/s produces acute and reversible symptoms associated with hypothalamic dysfunction accompanied by significant changes in c-Fos expression within relevant areas of the hypothalamus. These findings support the hypothesis that a temporary alteration of neuronal activity may underlie the expression of reversible central autonomic and neuroendocrine symptoms.
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How this classification was reachedexpand
Full frame distilled prediction
Teacher imitationNot calibrated prevalence, not ground truth. Human validation pending. Learned from the 10,348 direct Codex labels and 10,348 direct Gemma labels. Candidate is the union of thresholded teacher heads; consensus is their intersection. These outputs are machine_predicted_unvalidated and are not human labels or direct frontier model labels.
Codex and Gemma teacher scores by category
| Category | Codex | Gemma |
|---|---|---|
| Metaresearch | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (narrow) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (broad) | 0.001 | 0.000 |
| Bibliometrics | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Science and technology studies | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Scholarly communication | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Open science | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Research integrity | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Insufficient payload (model declined to judge) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
Machine scores (provisional)
The two teacher heads of the student model, read on this work. A score orders the frame for review; it never asserts a category, and the validation status ships verbatim with every row.
Baseline scores from an immature model (maturity gate not passed, 7 training rounds). Scores rank; they never assert a category.
score_only:v0-immature-baseline · verbatim from the scoring run: score_only means the number may rank works, and no category label ships from itClassification
machine, unvalidatedMachine predicted; a candidate call from one teacher head, not a consensus.
How this classification was reached, model by model and score by score, is at the end of the page under "How this classification was reached".