Bibliographic record
Abstract
The government of Canada set out to completely rid the country of any traces of Indigenous culture, language, and rights. By implementing the Indian Act, it became illegal for an Indigenous child to attend any school other than a Residential School. Further, it deemed truancy a crime to which their parents would be punished by a fine or imprisonment while their children were kidnapped and placed in a Residential School. These schools were in operation in Canada from approximately 1880 to 1996. They wreaked havoc on Indigenous lives and culture, specifically for Indigenous children. This article opens up this chapter of history, and questions Canada’s acts through the prism of the international framework of state responsibility. It puts forth the claim that the churches that ran the schools ought to be deemed as organs of Canada. At the backdrop of this critique is a conversation with other scholars who captured the structural indeterminacies in international law that facilitate maintaining a blind eye toward injustices afflicted against Indigenous people.
Fetched live from OpenAlex and de-inverted. Abstracts are not stored in this database: the inverted indexes are 8.6 GB of the frame’s 9.3 GB of text, and the host has 13 GB free.
How this classification was reachedexpand
Full frame machine prediction
Teacher imitationNot calibrated prevalence, not ground truth. Human validation pending. The Gemma side is a direct model label for every work in the frame, read from the title-only record. The Codex side is a classifier learned from the 10,348 direct Codex labels and calibrated to design-weighted sample rates; fields without enough sample support carry no Codex call. Candidate is the union of the two sides; consensus is their intersection. These outputs are machine_predicted_unvalidated and are not human labels.
Distilled classifier scores by category (both heads)
| Category | Codex | Gemma |
|---|---|---|
| Metaresearch | 0.006 | 0.011 |
| Meta-epidemiology (narrow) | 0.001 | 0.001 |
| Meta-epidemiology (broad) | 0.001 | 0.001 |
| Bibliometrics | 0.003 | 0.005 |
| Science and technology studies | 0.052 | 0.022 |
| Scholarly communication | 0.017 | 0.005 |
| Open science | 0.005 | 0.006 |
| Research integrity | 0.006 | 0.010 |
| Insufficient payload (model declined to judge) | 0.014 | 0.001 |
Machine scores (provisional)
The two teacher heads of the student model, read on this work. A score orders the frame for review; it never asserts a category, and the validation status ships verbatim with every row.
Baseline scores from an immature model (maturity gate not passed, 7 training rounds). Scores rank; they never assert a category.
score_only:v0-immature-baseline · verbatim from the scoring run: score_only means the number may rank works, and no category label ships from itClassification
machine, unvalidatedMachine predicted; a candidate call from one source (direct Gemma or distilled Codex), not a consensus.
How this classification was reached, model by model and score by score, is at the end of the page under "How this classification was reached".