How do outside-hosts-overwintering parasitoids, at the adult stage, cope with cold?
Bibliographic record
Abstract
INTRODUCTION: When overwintering, most endoparasitoids are protected from the cold inside their hosts. However, some endoparasitoids, along with ectoparasitoids, fall into the category called outside-hosts-overwintering parasitoids (OHOP) at immature or adult stages. We compared the cold-hardiness capacity and strategy between adult OHOP and their hosts (HOST) by examining their supercooling points (SCP), with acclimation periods and acclimation temperatures, and their lower lethal temperatures at 50% mortality (LLT50). We hypothesized that OHOP are more cold-hardy than their HOST, with lower SCP and LLT50. MATERIALS AND METHODS: Throughout the summers of 2020, 2021, and 2022, adult cabbage seedpod weevils (HOST) were sampled with a sweep net at the canola pod stage, and thousands of pods were collected and placed in emergence boxes to retrieve the adult OHOP Trichomalus perfectus. Regarding SCP measures, OHOP and HOST were separated according to various treatments. Each treatment considered a target exposure temperature (5, 10, or 20 °C) or a target exposure period (5, 15 or 25 days) at 5 °C. Regarding LLT measures, OHOP and HOST were categorized into five treatments, each corresponding to a specific exposure temperature (-5, -10, -15, -20 or -25 °C). RESULTS AND CONCLUSION: Acclimations to a lower temperature (5 °C) and a longer period (25 days) led to a significantly lower SCP of OHOP than HOST. Regarding OHOP, the average SCP was -19.71 °C when the acclimation temperature was 20 °C and significantly decreased to -23.20 °C when it was 5 °C. The average SCP was -18.82 °C when the acclimation period was five days and significantly decreased to -23.20 °C when it was 25 days. Conversely, the average SCP for HOST was never below -20 °C. At 20 °C acclimation temperature, HOST exhibited a significantly higher SCP of -14.64 °C compared to acclimations at 5 °C (-19.19 °C) and 10 °C (-20.00 °C), but there were no significant differences between 5 and 10 °C nor between acclimation periods. Therefore, the adult OHOP is more cold-hardy than its HOST. OHOP also exhibited a lower LLT50 than HOST, with -19.20 °C versus -17.59 °C. Finally, OHOP and HOST employ the same freeze-avoidance strategy, as evidenced by their SCP values (-19.57 °C versus -16.80 °C) which closely align with their respective LLT50. Adult OHOP better survive winter than their HOST in cold environments.
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How this classification was reachedexpand
Full frame distilled prediction
Teacher imitationNot calibrated prevalence, not ground truth. Human validation pending. Learned from the 10,348 direct Codex labels and 10,348 direct Gemma labels. Candidate is the union of thresholded teacher heads; consensus is their intersection. These outputs are machine_predicted_unvalidated and are not human labels or direct frontier model labels.
Codex and Gemma teacher scores by category
| Category | Codex | Gemma |
|---|---|---|
| Metaresearch | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (narrow) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (broad) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Bibliometrics | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Science and technology studies | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Scholarly communication | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Open science | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Research integrity | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Insufficient payload (model declined to judge) | 0.001 | 0.000 |
Machine scores (provisional)
The two teacher heads of the student model, read on this work. A score orders the frame for review; it never asserts a category, and the validation status ships verbatim with every row.
Baseline scores from an immature model (maturity gate not passed, 7 training rounds). Scores rank; they never assert a category.
score_only:v0-immature-baseline · verbatim from the scoring run: score_only means the number may rank works, and no category label ships from itClassification
machine, unvalidatedMachine predicted; a candidate call from one teacher head, not a consensus.
How this classification was reached, model by model and score by score, is at the end of the page under "How this classification was reached".