Characterization of Dynamic Pore-Throat Structure and Petrophysical Properties in an Unconsolidated Sandstone Reservoir
Bibliographic record
Abstract
Abstract In this study, a comprehensive and practical technique was developed to study the dynamic changes of pore-throat structure and petrophysical properties of unconsolidated sandstone reservoirs during long-term water injection. Experimentally, core samples were gathered from unconsolidated sandstone reservoirs for thin-section preparation and analyzed using laser particle size and X-ray diffraction techniques. In addition to identifying and classifying pore types and clay minerals, the size, fraction, and distribution of particles were also determined and categorized. Furthermore, a high-pressure mercury injection test was conducted on the core after waterflooding so as to quantify alterations in the microscopic pore-throat structure. The dispersion of clay minerals breaks the formation bond, leading to the fall and migration of clay and fine silt, and the content of clay and fine silt decreases, resulting in the change of pore-throat structure. Compared with the change of pores, the change of throat has a greater influence on the seepage behaviour, but such a change mainly occurs in the early stage of waterflooding. The fractal dimension of the pore-throat structures increases from 2.51 to 2.58, enhancing the heterogeneity and making the seepage channels more concentrated. The pore-throat structure was changed by 90% when water was injected to 200 PVs, gradually changed until 300 PVs of injected water, and then remained basically unchanged afterwards.
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How this classification was reachedexpand
Full frame machine prediction
Teacher imitationNot calibrated prevalence, not ground truth. Human validation pending. The Gemma side is a direct model label for every work in the frame, read from the title-only record. The Codex side is a classifier learned from the 10,348 direct Codex labels and calibrated to design-weighted sample rates; fields without enough sample support carry no Codex call. Candidate is the union of the two sides; consensus is their intersection. These outputs are machine_predicted_unvalidated and are not human labels.
Distilled classifier scores by category (both heads)
| Category | Codex | Gemma |
|---|---|---|
| Metaresearch | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (narrow) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (broad) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Bibliometrics | 0.001 | 0.000 |
| Science and technology studies | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Scholarly communication | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Open science | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Research integrity | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Insufficient payload (model declined to judge) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
Machine scores (provisional)
The two teacher heads of the student model, read on this work. A score orders the frame for review; it never asserts a category, and the validation status ships verbatim with every row.
Baseline scores from an immature model (maturity gate not passed, 7 training rounds). Scores rank; they never assert a category.
score_only:v0-immature-baseline · verbatim from the scoring run: score_only means the number may rank works, and no category label ships from itClassification
machine, unvalidatedMachine predicted; a candidate call from one source (direct Gemma or distilled Codex), not a consensus.
How this classification was reached, model by model and score by score, is at the end of the page under "How this classification was reached".